中学英语教师资格证英语词汇必备（初高中通用）语言学(linguistics)语义学(semantics)语音学(phonetics)语用学(pragmatics)音系学(phonology)社会语言学(sociolinguistics)形态学(morphology)心理语言学(psycho-linguistics)句法学(syntax)应用语言学(applied linguistics)语言的本质特征任意性(Arbitrariness)移位性Displacement二重性Duality文化的传播Cultural transmission能产性/创造性Productivity语言的主要功能(functions of language)信息功能Informative function寒暄功能Phatic function人际功能Interpersonal function娱乐功能Recreational function施为功能Performative function按错误类型分1省略(omission/simplification)③互相关联(cross-association)②过度概括(overgeneralization)④顺序错误(misordering)语法教学⑴演绎法(deductive)⑶启发式教学(heuristic teaching⑵归纳法(inductive)知识教学的通用原则：系统性(systematic/integrated/combination)趣味性(incentive)交际性(communicative)多样性(variety)听力教学的模式：⑴自下而上的昕力教学模式(bottom-up model)⑵自上而下的昕力教学模式(top-down model)⑶交互式昕力教学模式(interactive model)教学的过程：听前阶段(Pre-listening)听中阶段(While-listening)包括泛昕(extensive listening)和精昕(intensive listening)听后阶段(Post-listening)口语教学的原则：流畅性(fluency)准确性(accuracy)10口语教学的策略：释义(paraphrase)小组讨论(group work)使用近义词反义词(synonym/antonym)配音(dubbing)两人对话(pair work)角色扮演(role play)阅读教学的模式：(1)自下而上(bottom-up model)(2)自上而下(top-down model)(3)交互补偿(interactive-compensatory approach阅读教学的过程：⑴读前阶段(Pre-reading)⑵读中阶段(While-reading)包括:泛读(extensive reading)和精读(intensive reading)泛读即了解大意，包括略读(skimming)和寻读(scanning)两个部分；精读即掌握细节。略读是为了了解文章大意;寻读是为了快速定位特定的内容。⑶读后阶段(Post-reading)写作教学的模式：(1)内容导向模式(content-oriented model)(2)过程导向模式(process-oriented model)⑶结果导向模式(product-oriented model)写作教学的过程：⑵头脑风暴(Brainstorming),思维导图(Mapping)11⑶列提纲(Outlining)⑷写初稿(Drafting)(5)修改。包括自改(Self-editing)和互相修改(Peer-editing)⑹订正(Revising)及评价(Evaluating)写作练习的形式：⑴控制性写作(Controlled writing)包括抄写(copy),填空(fill in the blanks),完成句子(completion),句型转换(transformation)等。⑵指导性写作(Guided writing)⑶交流性写作(Expressive writing)技能教学活动:⑴听力教学:听主旨大意(main idea);听细节(details);练习题(exercises);讨论(discussion);角色扮演(role-play)等。⑵口语教学：头脑风暴(brainstorming);模仿读音(imitating/r即eating);讨论;角色扮演;配音(dubbing)等。(3)阅读教学:泛读(fast reading);精读(careful reading);练习题;写作;讨论等。⑷写作教学:头脑风暴;句子仿写;练习题;讨论等。12元语言功能Meta-lingual function情感功能Emotive function(l)Prescriptive&Descriptive(规定性和描述性)e.g.Don’t say X(prescriptive)People don’t say X(descriptive)(2)Synchronic&Diachronic(共时性和历史性)⑶Langue&Parole(语言和言语)⑷Competence&Performance(语言能力和语言表现)语音学(Phonetics)单元音(Pure vowel/monophthong)音素phone/phoneme双元音(diphthong)vowels(元音)⑴舌头最高部分的位置(position of the highest part of the tongue)元音(front vowel)元音(central vowel)后元音(back vowel)(2)舌头抬起的高度(the highest tongue rising)高元音(high vowel)半高/半低元音(middle vowel)低元音(low vowel)⑶元音的长度(length)或紧度(tenseness)长元音(long vowel)短元音(short vowel)⑷嘴唇的圆展度(Roundness)圆唇音(rounded vowel)非圆唇音(unrounded vowel)辅音(Consonant)分类a.发音方式(Manner of articulation)b.发音部位(Place of articulation)c.带声性(Voicing;vibration of the vocal cords)清辅音(Voiceless sound)浊辅音(Voicing sound)语音变化(Vocal Variety)⑴连读(Liaison)⑵失去爆破(Loss of Plosive)/不完全爆破(incomplete plosive)⑶同化(Assimilation)音系学Phonology⑴音位(phoneme)⑷音位变体(Allophone)⑵最小对立体(minimal pairs)①互补分布(complementary distribution)(3)音位对立(phonemic contrast)②自由变体(Free variation)音系规贝ij(phonological rules)⑴序列规则(Sequential rule)(3)省略规则(Deletion rule)⑵同化规则(Assimilation rule)超音段特征(Supra segmentals)音节(syllable)升调(rising tone)重音(Stress)降调(falling tone)①单词重音(word stress)降升调(falling-rising tone)②句子重音(sentence stress)升降调(rising-falling tone)③语调(intonation)形态学Morphology词素(Morpheme)前缀(prefix)自由词素(free morphemes)后缀(suffix)和中缀(infix)粘着词素(bound morphemes)屈折词缀(inflectional affix)词根(root)派生词缀(derivational affix)词缀(affix)词的形成(word formation)①复合法(compounding)向心复合词(endocentric compound)离心复合词(exocentric compound②派生法(derivation)力口前缀(Prefixation)加后缀(Suffixation)词汇变化①创新词(invention)⑤首字母缩略/拼读(acronym)②混成词(blending)6逆构词法(back-formation)③截断词(clipping/abbreviation)⑦类推构词(analogical creation④首字母连写词(initialism)⑧借词法(borrowing/loanword句法学(Syntax)句法范畴(syntactic categories)副词(adverb)名词/名词短语(noun/noun phrase)代词(pronoun)动词/动词短语(verb/verb phrase)助动词(auxiliary verb)限定词(determiner)介词短语(prepositional phrase形容词(adjective)语义学(Semantics)单词间涵义关系(sense relations between words)⑴同义关系(synonymy)同义词(synonym)①文体(stylistic)差别④情感(emotive)差别②地域(dialectal)差别⑤语义(semantic)差别③搭配(collocational)差别⑵反义关系(Antonymy)反义词(antonym)①等级反义(gradable antonymy)③反向反义(converse antonymy)②互补反义(complementary antonymy)⑶上下位关系(Hyponymy)①上位词(hypernym)②下位词(hyponym)⑷一词多义(Polysemy)⑸Homonymy(同音/同形异义)①同音异义(homophone)③同形同音异义(complete homonym)②同形异义(homograph)语用学(Pragmatics)言语行为(speech acts)⑴言内行为/发话行为(locutionary act)⑵言外行为/行事行为(illocutionary act)⑶言后行为/取效行为(Perlocutionary act)⑷直接言语行为(direct speech act)(5)间接言语行为(indirect speech act)会话含义理论(Conversational implicature)⑴合作原则(Cooperative principle)合作原则准则①数量准则(The maxim of quantity)②质量准则(The maxim of quality)③关系准则(The maxim of relevance)修辞学(Rhetoric)⑴明喻(Simile)(2)暗喻(Metaphor)⑶转喻/换喻/借代(Metonymy)⑺夸张(Hyperbole)⑷提喻(Synecdoche)⑻矛盾修饰法(Oxymoron)⑸隐喻/典故(Allusion)(9)委婉(Euphemism)(6)拟人(Personification)(10)移就Transferred Epithet押韵(Rhyme)①押头韵(Alliteration/lnitial rhyme/Head rhyme)②押尾韵(End rhyme)③反韵(Reverse rhyme)④准押韵(Assonance&Consonance)⑤头尾韵(Para rhyme)语法语法一翻译法(Grammar-Translation Method)直接法(Direct Method)听说法(Audio-lingual Method交际法(Communicative Language Teaching Approach)又口中,功能——意念法”(The Functional-notional Approach)视听法(The Audio-Visual Method)情境教学法(Situational Language Teaching Method)全身反应法(Total Physical Response任务型教学法(Task-based Language Teaching Approach)”在做中学”(learning by doing)认矢口法(Cognitive Approach社团语言学习法(Community Language Learning)沉默法(The Silent Way)暗示法(Suggestopedia)自然法(Natural Approach)行为主义心理学(Behaviorism)认知心理学(Cognitivism)代表人物:皮亚杰(Piaget)、布鲁纳(Bruner)经典人文主义(Classical Humanism)重建主义(Restructionism)"3P"模式，即:Presentation(呈现),Practice(练习)，Production(产出)渐进主义(Progressivism)语言学(Linguistical)①强化论(又称刺激反应论)(Reinforcement)②内在论(lnnate)(又称先天论)③相互作用论(Interaction Theory)二语习得理论①中介语理论(Interlanguage)②石化/僵化现象(Fossilization)③输入理论(Input Theory):Krashen(克拉申)对比分析(Contrastive analysis)负迁移(negative transfer)正迁移(positive transfer)干扰(interference)错误分析(Error Analysis)按错误的产生时间分①形成系统前的语言错误(Pre-systematic Errors)②形成系统阶段的语言错误(Systematic Errors)③形成系统后的语法错误(Post-systematic Errors)按错误的影响因素分1语际错误/语用错误/母语干扰性错误(Interlingual Errors)②语内错误/目的语内部干扰性错误(Intralingual Errors)③其它因素导致的错误学习环境(context of learning)文化因素(cultural factors)交际策略communicative strategies个人因素personal factors。
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