16字征服四六级汉译英之：六级实战（一）《大学英语四级汉译英16字真经》、《大学英语六级汉译英16字真经》编写团队供稿孔子是中国春秋末期思想家、教育家、政治家，晚年致力于教育事业，传弟子有3000人，著名者72人。他提倡“有教无类”，不论贫富贵贱，人人都应享有接受教育的机会。他开办私学，广招学生，打破了奴隶主贵族对学校教育的垄断，让平民也有机会享受学校教育。
他在教学实践中最早采用因材施教的方法，即根据各个学生的具体情况，采取不同的教育方法。孔子的教育思想影响了中国历代的教育家，对我国当代的教育改革也具有重大的指导意义。
一、理清时态本文讲述的是古代的人，古代的事，而过去某一时候或某一段时间所发生的事情应该选用一般过去时。不过要注意最后一句出现信号词“影响了”，这里应该是现在完成时。
二、合理断并本文逻辑清晰，主语单一，可以根据意群来断句。也可以进行更细的划分，如“孔子是中国春秋末期思想家、教育家、政治家，/（他）晚年致力于教育事业，/传（他）弟子有3,000人，著名者72人。/”孔子是中国春秋末期思想家、教育家、政治家，晚年致力于教育事业，/传弟子有3000人，著名者72人。/他提倡“有教无类”，不论贫富贵贱，人人都应享有接受教育的机会。/他开办私学，广招学生，打破了奴隶主贵族对学校教育的垄断，让平民也有机会享受学校教育。
/他在教学实践中最早采用因材施教的方法，即根据各个学生的具体情况，采取不同的教育方法。/孔子的教育思想影响了中国历代的教育家，对我国当代的教育改革也具有重大的指导意义。
三、找准主干，梳理枝叶1.孔子是中国春秋末期思想家、教育家、政治家，晚年致力于教育事业，【参考译文1】Confucius,a great philosopher,educator,politician at the end of the Spring andAutumn period,devoted his later years to education.
【解析】此处句式为“某某是什么，他怎么样（做什么）”，可以将“是什么”变为同位语，修饰主语，简洁明了。
【参考译文2】Confucius who was a great philosopher,educator,politician at the end of theSpring and Autumn period devoted his later years to education.
【参考译文3】Confucius was a great philosopher,educator,politician at the end of the Spring andAutumn period,devoting his later years to education.
【解析】此句译文选择了原文的第一个分句作句子主干，将后面一个分句处理为现在分词形式，作伴随状语，补充说明主语“Confucius”。
2.传弟子有3000人，著名者72人。
【参考译文1】It is said that he had 3,000 disciples,among whom were 72 persons of virtue.
【解析】通常看到“（相）传”，“传说”，都会立刻反应出“it is said that…”。
另外，将原文句子第二个分句补充完整，应该是“其中著名者有72人”。将其处理为定语从句，“whom”指代“3,000 disciples”，在前面的句子中，作的是宾语，所以用“whom”。如果指代主语，则用“who”。
【参考译文2】He was said to have 3,000 disciples,among whom were 72 persons of virtue.
3.他提倡“有教无类”，不论贫富贵贱，人人都应享有接受教育的机会。
【参考译文】He advocated that“there should be education for everyone without distinction”,insisting that everyone,rich or poor,noble or humble,has the right to receive education.
【解析】整个原文句子的主语都是“他”，后面是对“有教无类”的补充说明，可以巧妙地加上一个现在分词“insisting”引导从句，补充说明句子主干。
4.他开办私学，广招学生，打破了奴隶主贵族对学校教育的垄断，让平民也有机会享受学校教育。
【参考译文1】He started running his private school for a wide range of students,breaking themonopoly of slave owners on school education and making it accessible to common people.
【解析】现在分词的此类用法十分常见，可用于梳理翻译中的枝叶，平时应反复训练，熟练掌握。
另外，“accessible to sb”这个用法可以表达多种意思，包括“可进入的”，“可接近的”，“可理解的”，“可使用的”等等，例如：Good quality health services are not accessible to rural residents.
The remote desert area is accessible only by helicopter.
Medicine should not be kept where it is accessible to children.
Her poetry is always very accessible.
【参考译文2】He started running his private school for a wide range of students,breaking themonopoly of slave owners on school education and making it possible for common people toreceive school education.
【参考译文3】He started running his private school,providing education for a wide range ofstudents.In this way,he broke the monopoly of slave owners on school education and made itaccessible to common people.
5.他在教学实践中最早采用因材施教的方法，即根据各个学生的具体情况，采取不同的教育方法。
【参考译文1】He was the forerunner in practice of the concept of teaching students according totheir aptitude,that is to say,adopting different teaching methods in accordance with the students’characteristics.
【解析】原文逻辑清晰，后面的分句是对第一个分句的阐释说明，“即”可以译成插入语“thatis to say”。
【参考译文2】He was the first person to adopt the concept of teaching students according to theiraptitude,which means use different teaching methods in accordance with the students’characteristics.
6.孔子的教育思想影响了中国历代的教育家，对我国当代的教育改革也具有重大的指导意义。
【参考译文1】The educational thought of Confucius has not only influenced Chinese educators oflater generations,but also guided the educational reform going on in modern China.
【解析】处理两个分句的方法很多，“not only…,but also…”是常用方法。一定要先找准句子主干，再慢慢梳理其余枝叶，方法很多，比如“of Confucius”，“of later generations”介词短语，“(reform)going on in modern China”现在分词短语。
【参考译文2】The educational thought of Confucius has influenced Chinese educators of latergenerations.It is still instructive to the educational reform going on in modern China.
【全文参考译文】Confucius,a great philosopher,educator,politician at the end of the Spring and Autumnperiod,devoted his later years to education.It is said that he had 3,000 disciples,among whomwere 72 persons of virtue.He advocated that“there should be education for everyone withoutdistinction”,insisting that everyone,rich or poor,noble or humble,has the right to receiveeducation.He started running his private school for a wide range of students,breaking themonopoly of slave owners on school education and making it accessible to common people.Hewas the forerunner in practice of the concept of teaching students according to their aptitude,thatis to say,adopting different teaching methods in accordance with the students’characteristics.Theeducational thought of Confucius has not only influenced Chinese educators of later generations,but also guided the educational reform going on in modern China.
重点词汇短语与表达：Confucius孔子Confucianism儒家思想the Spring and Autumn period春秋时期the Warring States Period战国时期the three Kingdoms Period三国时期devote his later years to education晚年致力于教育disciple门徒，弟子person of virtue贤人。
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