学位英语阅读理解应试策略一、分析文章的结构规律一般来说，我们阅读文章的目的是为了获取信息。文章体裁不同，其结构特点就会各异。因此，我们获取信息的最有效方法之一就是去学习和了解文章的结构，以便更加准确、快速地定位我们要找的信息。大学英语四级考试中的阅读理解文章的体裁主要有三类：叙述文、说明文和议论文。1、叙述文叙述文一般以讲述个人生活经历为主，对于经历的陈述通常由一定的时间概念贯穿其中，或顺序或倒序。但是四级考试中一般不出现单纯的叙述文，因为单纯的叙述文比较简单、易懂。所以三级考试中的叙述文大多是夹叙夹议的文章。这类文章的基本结构模式是：1)用一段概括性的话引入要叙述的经历(话题)2)叙述先前的经历(举例1)及其感悟或发现3)叙述接下来的经历(举例2)及其感悟或发现4)做出总结或结论2、说明文（描述文）说明文的一般结构模式和叙述文的结构模式有相通之处即：提出问题（或以一个事例引出问题）----（专家）发现直接原因-----分析深层原因-----得出结论或找到出路。知道了类似的文章结构特点，就可以据此来进行考题预测。比如，我们看出了该篇文章属于这种结构类型，就能判断出几个问题中肯定有一个要问原因，还有可能要出现推断题。3、议论文我们大家最容易辨认出来的议论文模式是主张---反主张模式。在这一模式中，作者首先提出一种普遍认可的观点或某些人认可的主张或观点，然后进行澄清，说明自己的主张或观点，或者说提出反主张或真实情况。议论文的这种结构特点决定了它的主要题型是作者观点态度题，文章主旨题以及推理判断题。只要发现了这种结构特点，解答问题的主要任务就变成了到段落内找答案，基本上不存在任何困难。通过研究以上的文章结构特点，我们不难发现，在三级考试阅读理解中无论任何体裁的文章都遵循着这样一个共同的模式：提出话题（观点或事例）----用事例分析原因(或批驳观点)------得出结论。对文章结构特点的把握有助于读者更加自觉地关注文章的开始和结尾，分清观点和事例，从而在四级考试的阅读理解中准确定位，快速答题。二、巧妙绕开生词我们这里所说的巧妙绕开生词的方法和上面分析文章结构特点的思路是统一的，也就是说，只要我们从总体上把握了文章，不用认识每一个单词也能照样理解整篇文章。1、英语文章中不是所有的词的功能都是同等的，有些词担负着传达主要信息的功能，而有些词主要起语法作用或者它所传达的信息和下文的其他信息没有联系。这类词有：表示人名，地名，机构名等专有名词。遇到这些词，只要我们能辨认出它是专有名词，就能理解文章而不必知道它的意思。比如在下面的句子中："In fact",says David Dinges,a sleep specialist at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine,"there’s even a prohibition against admitting we need sleep."两个引号之间的部分就不必去管它。类似的还有："We have to totally change our attitude toward napping,"says Dr.William Dement of Stanford University,the godfather of sleep research.2、我们不用弄清上面某些部分的原因是，它们的后面往往有一个同位语来解释说明它们的意思。这就引起了我们不用弄懂所有单词意思的第二个理由。也就是说如果我们对文章中的某一个单词不熟悉，我们还可以根据统一篇文章中的其他信息来帮助判断。这类信息有：同位语、下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破折号、冒号都表示解释和说明）等。三、抓住句子的主干我们要实现快速准确理解文章除了要抓住关键句子外，还要抓住句子当中的关键成分。主要是句子的主干，如主语、谓语和宾语，因为它们是传达信息的主要载体，其他成分，不论它有多么长，多么复杂它都是辅助成分。比如在下面的句子中：Another element in the emergence of prodigies(神童),I found,is a society that values excellence in a certain field and is able nurture talent.只要我们抓住了Element is society.就可以得知社会是神童出现的一个因素。我们在今天这一讲中要说明的核心问题是，我们阅读英语文章时，一定要有一个全局观念，从宏观上来把握文章，做到了这一点，我们面对各类文章的各类题型都能够从容应对。四、抓住"第三词汇"语法中的功能词对理解句子十分重要，同样文章中那些起组织作用的实义词对理解文章也是非常重要的，因为掌握了它们就可以大大增强阅读理解中的预知下文的能力。我们把这些词称做"第三词汇"（区别于仅起语法作用的功能词和一般实义词）。抓住了它们，就抓住了文章的核心意思。这类词有很多，其中最常见的有：achieve,addition,attribute,cause,change,consequence,deny,effect,explanation,fact,form,grounds,instance,kind,manner,matter,mathod,opposite,point,problem,reason,respect,result,same,situation,thing,way.另外，有人认为"第三词汇"主要是一些"照应名词"，其中包括：abstraction,approach,belief,classification,doctrine,dogma,evaluation,evidence,insight,investigation,illusion,notion,opinion,position,supposition,thery,viewpoint等等。还有人针对某一文章类型总结出一些"第三词汇"。比如：在"问题---解决"文章模式中，这些"第三词汇"就更加固定和明确。它们有：问题：concern,difficulty,dilemma,drawback,hamper,hinder(hindrance),obstacle,problem,snag等。反应：change,combat(v),come up with,develop,find,measure,respond,response等解决或结果：answer,consequence,effect,outcome,result,solution,(re)solve等。评价：（in）effect,manage,overcome,succeed,(un)successful,viable,work(v.)聚集于"主张---反主张"文章结构模式中的该类词汇有：claim,state,truth,false,in fact,in reality,believe等等。阅读理解技巧——怎样回答阅读理解中的态度类问题关于作者的态度类问题（Attitude）阅读理解的最后一题常常提问在作者对文章中某一问题的态度（Attitude）、全文的基调（Tone）、文章的出处（Source）及对文章前后接续内容的判断等。关于态度或基调（Attitude/Tone）类题的回答应从篇章的体裁着手，一般来说，在说明文中作者的态度是客观的(objective)或中立的(neutral)；而在议论文中，作者的观点才会显得多种多样，常风的选项有：（1）positive（积极的）（2）negative（消极的）（3）neutral（中立的）（4）approval（赞成的）（5）disapproval（不赞成的）（6）indifferent（漠不关心的）（7）sarcastic（讽刺的）（8）critical（批评的）（9）optimistic（乐观的）（10）pessimistic（悲观的）下而引类问题的几种提问方式：(1)What’s the writer’s attitude to…?(2)What’s the tone of the passage?(3)The author’s view is_______(4)The writer’s attitude of.this passage is apparently_________-(5)The author suggests that_________(6)According to author__________有文章中，作者观点明确，文章基调清楚，而有的文章中，作者仅仅暗示对某一问题的态度和观点，需要阅读时仔细琢磨。解答这类问题时，首先应请注意篇章中起连接手段作用的那些词语；其次应注意有些表明作者观点词汇，如形容词、动词等。对文章的出处及文章前后接续内容判断等可从全篇着手，从个别句子或词汇找线索进行判断。Example:Iam not so na?ve,however,as to believe that sex is responsible for this unfortunate situation of the American woman.I am not a feminist,but I am an individualist.I do not believe there is any important difference between men and women.certainly not as much as there may be between one woman and another or one man and an-other.There are plenty of women and men,for that matter who would be completely fulfilled in being allowed to be as lazy as possible.If someone will ensconce them in a pleasant home and pay their bills,they ask no more of life.It is quite all right for these men and women to live thus so long as fools can be found who will pay so much for nothing much in return.Gigolos,male and female,are to be found in every class and in the best of homes.But when a man does not want to be a gigolo,he has the freedom to go out and work and create as well as he can.But a woman has not.Even if her individual husband lets her,tradition in society is against her.In this passage the author looks on the situation of women with an attitude of.A)amusement B)indifference C)disapproval C)condemnation此篇文章中，作者对待这一问题的态度十分明确、强硬（如用语I am not等等），因此只参在选项C）和D）中选择。而从文章中的"gigolos",’fools’等词可看出作者不仅不赞成而且态度更甚。所以，选项C）程度还不够，这一题的正确答案是D）阅读理解技巧——怎样回答阅读理解中的词汇问题关于词汇问题（Vocabu1ary）词汇（Vocabulary）是四级阅读理解测试中非常重要的一项。词汇类其实也是就细节进行提问，所不同的是这是唯一关于词或词组的练习项目，词汇题往往要求对文章中的某个单词、短语甚至句子等找出近义词或最合适的解释。解答这类题需要学生拥有较大的词汇量。可是，单词记忆似乎已成为学生普遍反映最头痛的难题。阅读理解中词汇类问题的常见提问方式有下列几种：(1)According to the author,the word"…"means_______.(2)Which of the following is nearest in meaning to"…"?(3)The term".."in paragraph…can be best replaced by….(4)What’s the meaning of"…"in line…of paragraph….?(5)As used in the line…,the word"…"refers to_______.一般来说，在文章的阅读中解决释义的最邓办法是猜测词义。猜测词义也需要一定的技巧，可以通过1)上下文间意义的联系；2）同义关系，反义关系；3）词的定义；4）对词的解释和举例；5）构词法知识猜测词义。1.利用上下文词语意义的互相联系猜测词义Example:The fishermen make their canoes from tree trunks.They go from island to island in these light marrow boats and collect turtles’eggs我们从上下文中可以得出以下信息："canoes"是一种渔夫用树木做的、来回于岛屿之间的、轻狭长的、类似于小船之类的东西。尽管我们可能还不能肯定它的确切解释，但这一生词已经不会影响我们的阅读和理解了。Example：Jogging has become very popular in some countries,It is believed to be a good exercise for old people."Jogging"的意思通过"a good exercise for old people"可以推断出是一种适合老年人的剧烈的运动方式。2.利用文章中词与词的同义和反义关系猜测词义Example:If you happened to be sitting in the woods outside the city,you might have witnessed a strange sight.You would have seen a very proud looking man riding along horseback,saying something在文章中可以很容易地判断出"witnesss"的同义关系词是"seen",因此"witness"就是看见的意思。Example:In the northern regions the winters are generally cold and humid,and the summers hot and dry.显然，冬天和夏天的气候是截然相反的，它们的修饰词的意思也应该截然相反。"cold"与"hot"对应，"humid"与"dry"对应。因此，"humid"是"潮湿"意思。3.利用文章中对词的定义猜测词义Example?/p>Such experiences are not unusual for the amateur conchologists,people who collect shells.Conchologists的意思可以根据该词后面的同位解释"people who collect shells"理解为收集贝壳的人或贝壳收藏家。Example:Jack is now a florist,who keeps a shop for selling flowers in our district."florist"的意思就是其后定语从句"who keeps a shop for selling flowers所描述的"拥有一家专门卖花的商店的人"，即"花店主"4.利用文章中对词的举例及解释猜测词义Example:Today young couples who are just starting their households of ten spend lots of their money on appliances,for instance,washing machines,refrigerators and color TVs.通过所举的例子（washing machines,refrigerators and color TVs）可以看出，"appliances"应是这些名词的总称，即"家用电器"。Example:Finally the enemy surrendered.They threw down their weapons and walked out of the home with their hands over their heads通过后一句对"surrendered"的解释：扔掉武器（throw down their weapons）,举起双手（with their hands over heads）可知其意是"投降"5.利用构词法知识（前缀和后缀）猜测词义Example:They overestimate the interviewee’s ability and asked him many difficult questions"estimate"是"估计"的意思，"over－"是前缀，意为"过分，过度，超过"等，因此"overestimate"就是"高估"的意思。Example:We were told that ours was the most spacious room in the hotel.That was why we had to pay so much for it."spacious"是由"space(名词，空间)"＋"＋－ious(形容词后缀"变化而来的，因此，可猜测其词义为"宽敞"。各种各样的前、后缀可以构成名词、形容词、动词、副词等，这些词缀需要平时不断地积累和记忆。掌握构词法知识是扩大词汇量和猜测生词词义的最佳办法。我们在阅读时会不可避免地遇到些生词，频繁地查字典实在不是一个上策，那样即耽误了阅读时间又中断了阅读思路，使大脑处于“停机”状态，阅读理解的质量当然就会很差。那又如何是好呢？58英语,简单学习其实，阅读的目的在于获得整个句子、整个段落、乃至整个篇章的思想，而不是各个孤立的词汇的意义。成人英语三级考试中的阅读，考查的是考生对段落中心思想整体把握的能力，只要能获得阅读材料的主要信息，并随后能用自己的话加以陈述，一两个生词不会有什么大碍。巨大的词汇量是高质量的阅读的基础。但当遇到生词时总查字典又不现实，那么我们不妨利用上下文来推测。已有词汇量加上强大的猜词本领有助于阅读速度和阅读能力的提高。1．根据定义、解释猜测词义定义线索是用别的单词或短语来为一个陌生单词或短语下定义或作解释。例如：Anthropology is the scientific study of man.由定义可知，anthropology就是"研究人类的科学"。Decision-thinking is not unlike poker……This card game has often been of considerable interest to people.在此句中，如果我们不知道"poker"的词义，不需要查字典，可通过定义线索获得"poker is king of card game"。2．根据复述（同位语、定语等）同位语Semantics,the study of the meaning of words,is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.此例逗号中短语意为"对词意义进行研究的学科"。该短语与前面生词semantics式同位关系，因此我们不难猜出semantics指"语义学"。3．根据举例如：The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past.句中"战争"和"重大科学发现"是生词的实例，通过它们我们可以猜出epochal的大致词义"重要的"，这与其确切含义"划时代的"十分接近。4．根据对比关系例：Green loves to talk，and his brothers are similarly loquacious.该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk与生词loquacious之间的比较关系。以此可以推断出loquacious词义为"健谈的"。表示比较关系的词和短语主要是similarly，like，just as，also等。5．根据比喻关系例：Fuel is to cars what food is to men.通过句中的比喻关系，我们得知fuel对于汽车来说就像食物对于人那么重要，由此，我们可知fuel应是"燃料"的意思。6．根据同义词的替代Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health.They also regard drinking as harmful.句中detrimental四个生词，但判断出harmful替代detrimental后，不难推断出其词义为"不利的，有害的"。7．有时也可根据一般性常识/生活经验猜测词义e.g：In the strong wind,the beggar shivered with the terrible cold.在这个句子中，根据常识，我们可以猜出"shivered"是"打抖"。e.g：Garlic is not as mild as its cousins,the onion and the leek.It has one of the strongest flavors known to man.在此句中，如果你不理解"garlic"，凭借你的常识，你可以猜出它是一种味道很浓的食物。8．也可根据词形构造猜测词义More recently,scientists have documented an alarmingly high occurrence of frogs with malformations.form是词根,formation“形式”，mal-:构词前缀，可表示“坏、恶、不良”，还可表示“不、不正常、不当、非法。”malformation的意思就应该是“畸形。”更多的例子如：malnutrition:营养不良；malconduct:（公职人员的）胡作非为；maladjustive:引起失调的；不利调节的。当然，要想做到这一点，就必须掌握英语常用的前缀、后缀及词根的意义。二、考试要求阅读理解部分主要测试考生的下述能力：1、掌握所读材料的主旨和大意；2、了解说明主旨和大意的事实和细节；3、既理解字面的意思，又能根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论；4、既理解个别句子的意义，又能在一定程度上理解上下文的逻辑关系。阅读理解部分主要考核学生通过阅读获取信息的能力，既要求准确，也要求有一定的速度。三、题目分析考生要在有限的时间内提高阅读理解的效果，需要注意读懂原文的确切含义，还要注意弄清楚问题问的是什么。只有既领会文章的精髓和要领，又抓住问题的实质，才能快速而准确的答题，选出正确的答案选项。成人三级英语的阅读理解题型可以分为以下几类：主旨题、细节题、词汇题、推理题、态度题共五类。1、主旨题1.1题型特点主旨题在考试中出现的频率较高，因为这类题可考查考生抓主要信息的能力，而能够抓住文章的主要信息又是阅读能力的一个极为重要的方面。解主旨题的最好方法是先找出每段的主题句（topic sentence），然后综合几个段落的主题句就可以得出全文的中心思想（main idea）。主题句一般出现在段首，但有时也会出现在段中或是段尾。常见的提问形式有以下几种：What is the main idea of the passage?l Which of the following would be the best title?l What’s the best title for the passage?l The main idea of the passage is that_____.l This passage tells us_____.l Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?l What does the passage mainly discuss?l The passage is mainly about…l What’s the author’s main pointl 1.2做题方法根据不同的阅读目的，可以采用不同的阅读方法，或称阅读技巧。一般来说，阅读方法有略读、寻读和细读三种。（1）略读（Skimming）“略读”又称“浏览”，是指跳过细节，跳过不重要的描述与例子，进行快速阅读以求抓住文章的大意和主题思想的方法。阅读时速度要快，一般来说，250字左右的短文应在二、三分钟之内看完。略读时精力必须十分集中，不要去记忆细节，遇到个别生词或难懂的词句均可略过，以求对全文总体意思的了解。为了更好地抓住全文的中心思想，略读时要特别注意文章的起始段和结束段以及文章中每一段的段首句和结尾句，因为它们往往是对文章内容最好的概括。（2）寻读（Scanning）寻读是快速寻找某一特殊信息的阅读方法。它的目的非常明确，即找到所需要的信息。日常生活中我们对这一方法并不陌生。例如从人群中找出你认识的朋友，从货架上找出你想购买的商品，在书架上寻找一本你要找的书，从一本指南中找出某个单位的地址等，都是利用这种方法。在寻读时，目光要自上而下，一目数行地寻视与答题相关的词句，与此无关的内容要很快掠过。当回答who,when,where等有关文章细节时，我们用这种方法很快就能找到答案。（3）细读（Reading for full understanding）细读是在找到文章中的有关部分以后，在此范围内逐句阅读，特别要对关键词、句仔细琢磨，以便对其有比较深刻、准确的理解。不仅要理解其字面意思，还要通过推理和判断，弄清文章中字里行间所隐含的意思。在细读的过程中，对没有学过的生词，可根据上下文的背景知识来推测其词义；对难以看懂的长句，可借助语法手段，对其加以分析，以达到正确理解的目的。做主旨题时常用略读法，把注意力放在抓主要信息上，不去过分注意细节事实，否则会造成“只见树木,不见森林”的结果。通常的办法是，快速阅读文章时注意找出各段主题句。英文文章各段主题句常放在段首，有时也放在段尾或段落中间，有时不明确写出，通读文章后把各段主题句联系起来，一般就能得出文章主题。就整篇文章来讲，首段和尾段一般对于解这类题更为重要。要想在阅读方面取得好成绩，考生还应该注意正确处理阅读理解与阅读速度的关系。首先要保证阅读理解的准确性，因为准确是正确的前提。一味的追求速度，而没有理解文章的含义，或者只注意理解文章而细嚼慢咽，都会影响考生发挥。因此考生应该合理安排阅读时间，处理好理解和速度的关系，做到两者兼顾，取得好的分数。1.3例题：2003年4月Passage 1 Questions l to 5 are based on the following passage:What will man be like in the future—in 5000 or even 50000 years from now?We can only make a guess,of course,but we can be sure that he will be different from what he is today.For man is slowly changing all the time.Let us take an obvious example.Man,even five hundred years ago,was shorter than he is today.Now,on average,men are about three inches taller.Five hundred years is a relatively short period of time,so we may assume that man will continue to grow taller.Again,in the modern world we use our brains a great deal.Even so,we still make use of only about 20%of the brain’s capacity.As time goes on,however,we shall have to use our brains more and more,and eventually we shall need larger ones.This is likely to bring about a physical change to the head,in particular the forehead,will grow larger.Nowadays our eyes are in constant use.In fact,we use them so much that very often they become weaker and we have to wear glasses.But over very long period of time it is likely that man’s eyes will grow stronger.On the other hand,we tend to make less use of our arms and legs.These,as a result,are likely to grow weaker.At the same time,however,our fingers will grow more sensitive because they are used a great deal in modern life.But what about hair?It will probably disappear from the body altogether in course of time because it does not serve a useful purpose any longer.In the future,then,both sexes are likely to be bald.Perhaps all this gives the impression that future man will not be a very attractive creature to look at.This may well be true.All the same,in spite of all these changes,future man will still have a lot in common with us.He will still be a human being,with thoughts and emotions similar to our own.文章译文：5000甚至50，000年之后人类会是什么样子？当然，我们只能作一个预测，但是可以肯定的是他们一定会和今天有所不同，因为人类无时无刻不在变化。我们举个简单的例子，五百年前的人类比现在的人类普遍要矮，现在的人比五百年前的人平均要高三英寸（inch）。五百年是一个相对短的时间，所以我们可以想象（assume）到人类还会继续（continue）变高。同时，现在的人用脑也更加频繁。既便如此，我们也只用了大脑的20％，但是，随着时间的流逝我们将更加频繁的用脑，最终导致我们对更发达的大脑的需求，并带来我们头部的变化，特别是前额会变的越来越大。现在人类的眼睛处在不断的使用之中（in constant use）。事实上，由于频繁的使用使人类的视力越变越弱，并最终不得不佩戴眼睛。但是。从长远来看，人类的眼睛是越变越好。另外，人类使用他们的四肢的频率降低，这使得四肢越来越虚弱。但是，人类的手机会越来越灵巧，因为它们在现代化的生活中使用频繁。头发会发生什么样的变化呢？它可能从人类的身体上消失（disappear），因为它不在有用，将来的人类是男性还是女性都可能会是秃头（bald）。可能这些推测会让人觉得未来的人类是非常丑陋的动物（creature），这可能是正确的。但是不管未来的人类怎样变化，他们和我们还是有很多相似（have a lot common）的地方的。他们仍然是人类，有着和我们一样的思想（thought）和感情（emotion）。1.The passage tells us about________.[A]how man’s life will be in the future[B]how future man will look like[C]the fact that man’s organs will function differently in the future[D]the fact that man is growing uglier as time passes【解析】：B一看题目，The passage tells us about________.我们就可以判断本题是个主旨题。即：文章主要告诉我们：_____.A.未来的人类生活是怎样的？B.未来的人类长得象什么？C.人体的器官在未来会有不同D.随着时间的流逝，人类变得越来越丑陋我们看文章首段的首句：What will man be like in the future—in 5000 or even 50000 years from now?5000甚至50，000年之后人类会是什么样子？接下来文章的所有段落都是围绕这个问题来展开的。那么我们就可以轻松的确定B选项是本题的正确答案。2、细节题2.1题型特点细节题一般是根据短文低通的信息和事实进行提问。提问常常涉及短文的具体信息，事实和细节等有关问题，如情节，因果，比较，经过，事实，发展，预测等等。细节题是阅读理解中命题最多的一种题型，一般来说，这类题的答案都能从短文中直接找到。只要根据题干能够准确的在文章中进行定位，找到答案所在区域的段落和句子，仔细地推敲就一定能够准确的选择。这类题提问的形式多种多样，常见的有以下几种：Which of the following(statements)is Not mentioned in the passage?l According to the passage，which of the following statements is true?l According to the passage,all of the following are true except_____l It is stated in the passage…l From the passage we know that…l How would you describe the end of…l What’s the major problem…l How many…？l What…?l Why…?l 2.2做题方法解这类题时，审题是关键，首先一定得看清问题。比如一句结论性的话后边到底是…is true,还是is not true。在准确理解了题干意思之后，根据题干意思迅速的再在文章中找到与题干意思相关的段落和句子并进行定位，这些段落和句子就是正确选项的分布区域。那么只要仔细阅读这些定位的段落和句子，就能准确的选择好选项。另外，由于细节题比较容易，有时为了增加测试难度，命题人员在题干或选项中要增加一些文字或意义上的干扰。所以考生很少能在原文中找到一模一样的现成答案，命题人员一帮要讲文章中的句子进行一定的变化，通常用的方法是词义转化，正话反说，反话正说等等技巧。考生只要掌握命题技巧并训练好定位技巧，再加上仔细阅读，就一定能将细节题一网打尽。2.3例题Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:When we talk about intelligence,we do not mean the ability to get good scores on certain kinds of tests or even the ability to do well in school.By intelligence we mean a way of living and behaving,especially in a new or upsetting situation.If we want to test intelligence,we need to find out how a person acts instead of how much he knows what to do.(76)For instance,when in a new situation,an intelligent person thinks about the situation,not about himself or what might happen to him.He tries to find out all he can.And then he acts immediately and tries to do something about it.He probably isn’t sure how it will all work out,but at least he tries.And,if he can’t make things work out right,he doesn’t feel ashamed that he failed;he just tries to learn from his mistakes.An intelligent person,even if he is very young,has a special outlook on life,a special feeling about life,and knows how he fits into it.If you look at children,you’ll see great difference between what we call“bright”children and“not-bright”children.They are actually two different kinds of people,not just the same kind with different amount of intelligence.For example,the bright child really wants to find out about life—he tries to get in touch with everything around him.(77)But,the unintelligent child keeps more to himself and his own dream-world;he seems to have a wall between him and life in general.译文：我们所谓的智商（intelligence）并不是指能够在某种测试中获得高分或在学校成绩优秀。而是指一种生活或行为的方式，特别是当处在一种全新或混乱（upsetting）的情形下时。要想测试一个人的智商，就必须看他的行为而不是看他懂多少。例如，在面对新情况时，智商高的会考虑当前形势而不是只考虑自己或自己将会到什么。他会尽其所能并立即（immediately）采取行动试图有所作为。他自己可能并不知道能有多大作用，但至少他尝试了。并且，如果没有能够立即解决问题，他也不会为自己的失败而感到气馁，只是尝试着从错误中吸取教训。一个智商高的人，即使非常年轻，也会对生活有特殊的看法（outlook on）、特殊的感受，并且知道如何去适应生活。孩子们中也存在着所谓“聪明”与“不聪明”的区别。事实上他们是两种不同的人，但智商却千万别。例如，聪明的孩子非常想从生活中去发现，他会试图接触周围的一切。然而，智商低的孩子则更多地独处并局限于他想象中的世界，他好象与生活隔了一面墙一样。1．According to this passage,intelligence is＿＿.A．the ability to study well B．The ability to do well in school C．The ability to deal with life D．the ability to get high scores on some tests【解析】：C题干说：According to this passage,intelligence is＿＿.即：根据文章，智力是的是＿＿.文章首段的首句告诉我们：“我们所谓的智商（intelligence）并不是指能够在某种测试中获得高分或在学校成绩优秀。”紧接着第二句就写到：By intelligence we mean a way of living and behaving,especially in a new or upsetting situation.那么考生只要找到了这一句，并理解其含义，即intelligence指的是应对生活的能力，特别是在新的环境或是困境下。那么我们看一下选项：A.学习好的能力；B.在学校表现好的能力；D.考试的高分的能力。只有C.意思是应对生活的能力。那么显而易见答案应该是：C所以，细节题只要定位准确并正确理解，一般不会做错。3、词汇题3.1题型特点词汇题是询问文章中出现的某个词、某个词组甚至某个句子含义的题型。其中所询问的词、词组或句子，往往不为考生所熟悉，但又能在文中找到线索进行推测，所以这类考题是检查考生是否具备根据一个词、词组或句子所处的特定环境来判断其意义的能力。主要有三种类型：其一，测试考生在阅读中理解单词和词组意义的能力；其二，检验考生根据上下文判断词义的能力；其三，要求考生指出原文中某个代词，名词或短语的指代对象。这类题常见的提问方式有以下几种：The word“…”in line 5 refers to…..l The word“…”(Line 6.para.2)most probably means_____.l When the author says that,he is trying to….l By“…”,the author means_____.l The word“…”could best be replaced by which of the following?l which of the following is nearest in meaning to“…”?l In para.2,the sentence“……”probably means“……”l 3.2做题技巧解答这类试题时，考生应按照题中所指示的位置找到原句，仔细阅读原句，理解其含义。同时，考生应明白，任何词或词语都不是孤立的，它或它们所在的上下文往往能提供重要的线索。某个定义、解释、甚至标点符号、关联词都可以帮助考生推测一些词或词语的意义，除此之外，我们还必须注意所测试的词或词语与其前后一些词形成的同义、反义、并列和指代等关系。3.3例题01年Passage 3：Is teaching important?Well,of course it is.There was a time when the necessary knowledge could be taught to the young by family members.But as societies became more complex and division of labor more common,it was impossible for family members to teach the information and skills young people needed to become useful members of the society.As the need for specialists appeared,the job of teaching came into being in our county,and teaching as a job has been of increasing importance over the past hundred years.Today,we have strict rules for teachers.We hope all children can attend schools.Many things tell us that teaching is indeed an"important"job.In recent years,there has been an increasing need for teachers to be"responsible".This means that the public expects teachers to succeed in teaching important information to the young.Teachers’salaries today,while not much,certainly are much higher than they were in past year.These increases have come about because people have realized that without enough salaries,people who have abilities will not become teachers.Today almost no one says that"anybody will do"for a teacher.The public expects"quality people＂to teach the young,and progress is being made to give salaries that will make people who have abilities become teachers.【译文】：教学重要吗？当然很重要！过去曾有一段时间，年轻人必须的知识是由家庭成员来教授的。但是随着社会变得越来越复杂，社会分工越来普遍，由家庭成员来教授年轻人需要的信息和技术，使其成为一个有用的社会成员，这是不可能的。随着对于专家的需要，教学这个工作出现在我们的国家，并且在过去的一百年里变得越来越重要。今天，我们对于教师有着严格的制度。我们希望所有的孩子都能上学。许多事情告诉我们教学确实是一种“重要的”工作。最近几年，我们越来越需要“负责任的”教师。这就意味着公众希望教师能够成功地给年轻人教授重要的知识。今天的教师工资虽然不高，但是比过去要高出很多了。教师工资的增加是因为人们已经认识到没有足够高的薪水，那些有能力的人就不愿意做教师。今天几乎没有人会说“任何人”都会成为教师。公众期望“合格的教师”来教授学生，提高薪水会使得有能力的人成为教师。14."Anybody will do"for a teacher means that_____.A.almost all people want to become a teacher B.a teacher is so highly respected that people all want to help him C.a teacher will do whatever he can for his students D.the job of teaching is so easy that everybody can do it【解析】：D题干说："Anybody will do"for a teacher means that_____.“人人都会作”这句话对于教师意味着_____.A.几乎所有人都想成为教师；B.教师非常受人尊重人人都愿意帮助他们；C.教师为了学生会倾尽所能；D.教师职业非常容易人人都能做。我们从题干出发，找到原文出处：These increases have come about because people have realized that without enough salaries,people who have abilities will not become teachers.Today almost no one says that"anybody will do"for a teacher.The public expects"quality people＂to teach the young,即：教师工资的增加是因为人们已经认识到没有足够高的薪水，那些有能力的人就不愿意做教师。今天几乎没有人会说“任何人”都会成为教师。公众期望“合格的教师”来教授学生…由此我们推论：“人人都会作”意味着做教师很容易，所以之前也许会有很多人这么说，而如今对教师的要求高了，所以就没有人这么说了。所以答案选：D 4、推理题4.1题型特点推理题是从字里行间体会作者的意图。要体会作者没有直接表达的意思，需要从作者已经表达出的观点，事实和事例出发推断出作者想说而未直接说出的东西。这要求考生不仅要理解字面的意义，还要根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推理。推理题大多含有infer,imply,suggest,conclude,（most）probably等关键词。以下是一些常见的提问方式：It can be inferred from the passage that_____.l The passage implies that_____.l The passage suggests that_____.l What is implied in the passage?l The paragraph following（proceeding）this passage probably will discuss（discusses）_____.l The author implies that_____.l We can be inferred from the passage?l Which of the following statements is implied but NOT stated?4.2做题技巧推理性试题不能从文章中直接找到答案。解这类题需要考生在正确理解原文语言字面意义的基础上，运用逻辑推理的方法去理解文章字里行间的意义。对原文中找到的所有相关信息要进行仔细分析，摸清它们相互之间时间、方位、因果、对比等逻辑关系，在此基础上进行综合推理，选定答案。考生在考生时切忌主观臆断，根据自己的想象来推理而不是在文章的基础上进行推理。4.3例题In ancient times,the most important examinations were spoken,not written.In the schools of ancient Greece and Rome,testing usually consisted of saying poetry aloud or giving speeches.In the European universities of the middle Ages,students who were working for advanced degrees had to discuss questions in their field of study with people who had made a special study of the subject.This custom exists today as part of the process of testing candidates for the doctor’s degree.Generally,however,modern examinations are written.The written examination,where all students are tested on the same question,was probably not known until the nineteenth century.Perhaps it came into existence with the great increase in population and the development of modern industry.A room full of candidates for a state examination,timed exactly by electric clocks and carefully watched over by managers,resembles a group of workers at an automobile factory.Generally,during examinations teachers and students are expected to act like machines.One type of test is sometimes called an"objective"test.It is intended to deal with facts,not personal opinions.To make up an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions,each of which has only one correct answer.Along with each question the teacher writes the correct answer and also three statements that look like correct answers to students who have not learned the material properly.【译文】古代(ancient)，最重要的考试(examination)是口试而不是笔试。古希腊和古罗马时期，学校的考试由吟诗(poetry)和演讲两部分组成。中世纪欧洲的大学里，那些攻读高学位的学生必须在和他哪个领域里有很大研究成果的学者进行讨论。这一传统现在保持下来，用于申请博士学位的学生。整体上来讲，现在的考试是笔试。所有的学生都做相同的题目的笔试大概到十九世纪才出现。它的出现(came into existence)可能是由于人口(population)的大量增长和现代工业的发展。所有的考生都在一个房间，规定的时间，有监考老师，就像汽车制造厂的工人一样。大体上讲，学生就像机器一样。一种类型的考试叫做“客观性”考试，它主要是关于事实而不是个人看法，要出一份客观性考试的试题，老师写出一系列的问题，没有问题只有一个正确答案，随时每个问题有四个选项，其中只有一个是正确的，而另外三个对那些没有好好准备的考生来说具有很大迷惑性。5.It may be concluded that testing_________.A.should test only opinions B.should always be written C.has changed since the middle Ages D.is given only in factories【解析】：C题干说：我们可以得出结论说测试_________.A.只测试个人观点；B.只能是笔试；C.从中世纪以来已经发生了很大变化；D.只有在工厂里才进行。根据整篇文章，有起初的中世纪的口试，到现代工业化之后的笔试的出现，我可以推断出，考试从中世纪以来已经发生了很大的变化。所以答案选：C 5、态度题5.1题型特点作者的语气态度往往不会直接写在文章里，只能通过细读文章，从作者的选词及其修饰手段中体会出来。这种题型常见的提问形式有：The author seems_____.l The author’s tone in this passage is_____.l The purpose of the author in writing this passage is_____.l The author’s intention in writing the passage is to_____.l The writer probably feels that_____.l In the author’s opinion,_____.l这类考题中：询问语气态度的题，选择项里常出现以下一些重要的词：sympathetic同情的，enthusiastic热情的，delighted愉快的，satisfied满意的，friendly友好的，agreeing赞同的,optimistic乐观的；objective客观的，matter-of-fact实事求是的，neutral中立的subjective主观的，indifferent冷淡的，critical批评的，doubtful怀疑的，disappointed失望的，sad悲伤的，hostile敌对的，disagreeing反对的，pessimistic悲观的。询问写作目的的题，选择项里常出现的词是：explain解释；persuade劝说；comment评论；criticize批评；interest引起……的注意或兴趣；entertain使欢乐；argue辩论；demonstrate举例说明，示范；tell讲述；prove证明；urge激动；advise劝告；analyze分析；praise赞扬，view看待,等等。5.2做题技巧考生在做态度类题目时，可以遵循下面的技巧：1.精确理解四个选项词语的含义，态度题往往要求考生能够将四个选项精确理解，只有这样才能分辨出选项之间的区别。但是，如果四个选项里有一个不认识，只要能认识其余三个，使用排除法也能做对题目。2.不要搀杂自己的观点.考生一定要记住，态度题考的是作者的态度而不是考生的态度，所以考生千万不要将自己的观点生硬的搀杂进去。3.可以寻找文中一些具有感情色彩的词，通过与这些词进行比较，就可以基本判断作者的态度和倾向。5.3例题解析Passage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:How can we get rid of garbage(垃圾)?Do we have enough energy sources to meet our future energy needs?These are two important questions that many people are asking today.Some people think that man might be able to solve both problems at the same time.They suggest using garbage as an energy source,and at the time it can save the land to hold garbage.For a long time,people buried garbage or dumped(倾倒)it on empty land.Now,empty land is scarce.But more and more garbage is produced each year.However,garbage can be a good fuel to use.The things in garbage do not look like coal,petroleum,or natural gas;but they are chemically similar to these fossil(化石)fuels.As we use up our fossil-fuel supplies,we might be able to use garbage as an energy source.(79)Burning garbage is not a new idea.Some cities in Europe and the United States have been burning garbage for years.The heat that is produced by burning garbage is used to boil water.The steam that is produced is used to make electricity or to heat nearby buildings.In Paris,France,some power plants burn almost 2 million metric tons of the city’s garbage each year.The amount of energy produced is about the same as would be produced by burning almost a half million barrels of oil.(80)Our fossil fuel supplies are limited.Burning garbage might be one kind of energy source that we can use to help meet our energy needs.This method could also reduce the amount if garbage piling up on the earth.【译文】我们怎么才能处理垃圾呢？我们有足够的能源来满足未来的能源需求吗？这是现在许多人都在问的两个重要问题。有些人以为两个问题可以同时解决，他们建议把垃圾作为一种能源，同时也可以解决由于垃圾占大量的土地而造成的土地紧张。长期以来，人们都是埋掉（bury）垃圾或者倾倒到空地上。现在空地越来越少（scare）了，而每年制造的垃圾却越来越多了。但是垃圾也是一种很好的燃料（fuel）。虽然垃圾的构成跟煤、石油（petroleum）或者天然气不一样，但是从化学成分来讲，他和化石燃料是相似的。因此，当我们的化石燃料被用完时，我们或许可以把垃圾当作一种能量来源（source）。燃烧垃圾并非是新想法，欧洲和美国的许多的城市多年来一直都在这样做。燃烧垃圾产生的热量用来加热水，产生的蒸汽（steam）可以用来发电供暖。法国巴黎的一些发电厂每年燃烧大约200百万吨的垃圾，所产生的能量大约和燃烧50万桶（barrels）石油所产生的能量是一样的。我们的化石燃料供给是有限的(limited)。燃烧垃圾作为一种能量来源或许可以缓解我们对能源的需求。这种办法也可以减少堆积（piling up）在地球上的垃圾。14.What is the author’s attitude?A.DelightedB.SadC.AgreeingD.Disagreeing【解析】：A题干说：What is the author’s attitude?作者的态度是什么？A.高兴得；B.伤心得；C.同意的；D.不同意的。文章最后一段，Burning garbage might be one kind of energy source that we can use to help meet our energy needs.This method could also reduce the amount if garbage piling up on the earth.燃烧垃圾作为一种能量或许可以缓解我们对能源的需求。这种办法也可以减少堆积（piling up）在地球上的垃圾。即认为燃烧垃圾可以解决土地紧张和能源短缺的现象，作者持一种高兴和欣喜地心态。所以答案选：C主题思想题在考试中出现的频率较高，因为这类题可考查考生抓主要信息的能力，而能够抓住文章的主要信息又是阅读能力的一个极为重要的方面。这类题在设题时常会用到title，subject，main idea，topic，theme等词。常见的提问形式有以下几种：What is the main idea of the passage？Which of the following would be the best title？What’s the best title for the passage？The main idea of the passage is that_____.This passage tells us_____.Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage？What does the passage mainly discuss？做这类题时常用略读法，把注意力放在抓主要信息上，不去过分注意细节事实，否则会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的结果。通常的办法是，快速阅读文章时注意找出各段主题句。英文文章各段主题句常放在段首，有时也放在段尾或段落中间，有时不明确写出，通读文章后把各段主题句联系起来，一般就能得出文章主题。就整篇文章来讲，首段和尾段一般对于解这类题更为重要。我们以97年统考试卷中阅读理解部分的第一篇文章为例：How often one hears children wishing they were grown up，and old people wishing they were young again.Each age has its pleasures and its pains，and the happiest person is the one who enjoys what each age gives him without wasting his time in useless regrets.Childhood is a time when there are few responsibilities to make life difficult.If a child has good parents，he is fed，looked after and loved，whatever he may do.It is impossible that he will ever again in his life be given so much without having to do anything in return.In addition，life is always presenting new things to the child——things that have lost their interest for older people because they are too well-know.But a child has his pains：he is not so free to do what he wishes to do；he is continually being told not to do things，or being punished for what he has done wrong.When the young man starts to earn his own living，he can no longer expect others to pay for his food，his clothes，and his room，but has to work if he wants to live comfortably.If he spends most of his time playing about in the way that he used to as a child，he will go hungry.And if he breaks the laws of society as he used to break the laws of his parents，he may go to prison.If however，he works hard，keeps out of trouble and has good health，he can have the great happiness of building up for himself his own position in society.文章后面第四个问题是：The main idea of the passage is that_____.A.life is not enjoyable since each age has some pains B.young men can have the greatest happiness if they work hard C.childhood is the most enjoyable time in one’s life D.one is the happiest if he can make good use of each age in his life文章的第一段讲的是人们常听说孩子们盼着长大成人，老年人则希望返老还童。人生的每个阶段总是欢乐伴着苦恼，而最幸福的人则是那些既享受人生每一阶段所带来的欢乐，又没有因虚度年华而终生后悔的人。第二段讲述了一个人儿童时代的欢乐与苦恼，第三段则告诉读者青年人的责任与义务，机遇和挑战。从以上三段文字来看，第一段中第二句即是主题句，所以我们应选D为正确答案。阅读理解包括三篇短文，总阅读量不超过900个词。每篇短文后设5个问题，每题2分，共30分。所选短文内容包括人物传记、热门话题、社会、文化、日常知识、科普常识等。阅读理解题要求考生读后能掌握文章的主旨大意，了解说明主旨大意的事实和细节，并根据所读内容进行一定的判断和推论。阅读理解题是一种综合性的技能测试，它不仅要求考生具有较强的理解能力，还要求考生要有一定的阅读速度。而通常影响阅读理解的主要有三大因素：词汇量、语法知识、背景知识。从前些年三级统考的实际情况看，考生们反映最困难是词汇量太小，其直接后果是感觉时间太紧，答不完试卷。至于后两项也是弱项的考生来说就更困难了。考生要在这一项上取得高分，除了要在词汇量、语法知识、背景知识三个方面多下功夫外，还必须学会掌握一些最基本的阅读技能，了解这部分试题的基本设题思路及解题方法和技巧。下面我分“阅读技巧”和“解题类型及应试技巧”两部分给同学们做详细介绍。（一）阅读技巧根据不同的阅读目的，可以采用不同的阅读方法，或称阅读技巧。一般来说，阅读方法有略读、寻读和细读三种。（1）略读（Skimming）“略读”又称“浏览”，是指跳过细节，跳过不重要的描述与例子，进行快速阅读以求抓住文章的大意和主题思想的方法。阅读时速度要快，一般来说，250字左右的短文应在二、三分钟之内看完。略读时精力必须十分集中，不要去记忆细节，遇到个别生词或难懂的词句均可略过，以求对全文总体意思的了解。为了更好地抓住全文的中心思想，略读时要特别注意文章的起始段和结束段以及文章中每一段的段首句和结尾句，因为它们往往是对文章内容最好的概括。（2）寻读（Scanning）寻读是快速寻找某一特殊信息的阅读方法。它的目的非常明确，即找到所需要的信息。日常生活中我们对这一方法并不陌生。例如从人群中找出你认识的朋友，从货架上找出你想购买的商品，在书架上寻找一本你要找的书，从一本指南中找出某个单位的地址等，都是利用这种方法。在寻读时，目光要自上而下，一目数行地寻视与答题相关的词句，与此无关的内容要很快掠过。当回答who，when，where等有关文章细节时，我们用这种方法很快就能找到答案。（3）细读（Reading for full understanding）细读是在找到文章中的有关部分以后，在此范围内逐句阅读，特别要对关键词、句仔细琢磨，以便对其有比较深刻、准确的理解。不仅要理解其字面意思，还要通过推理和判断，弄清文章中字里行间所隐含的意思。在细读的过程中，对没有学过的生词，可根据上下文的背景知识来推测其词义；对难以看懂的长句，可借助语法手段，对其加以分析，以达到正确理解的目的。总之，在阅读一篇文章的过程中，我们应根据不同的要求，采用不同的阅读方法，对有些阅读理解问题知其大意即可，另一些需要寻读，而少数则需要细心推敲。在三级统考中我们应当充分利用以上三种阅读方法，即用“略读”法浏览全文，以求抓住文章的大意和主题思想。在此基础上根据问题的要求，采用寻读或细读的方法来解答问题。（二）解题类型及应试技巧（1）主题思想常见提问方式及答题技巧主题思想题在考试中出现的频率较高，因为这类题可考查考生抓主要信息的能力，而能够抓住文章的主要信息又是阅读能力的一个极为重要的方面。这类题在设题时常会用到title，subject，main idea，topic，theme等词。常见的提问形式有以下几种：What is the main idea of the passage？Which of the following would be the best title？What’s the best title for the passage？The main idea of the passage is that_____.This passage tells us_____.Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage？What does the passage mainly discuss？做这类题时常用略读法，把注意力放在抓主要信息上，不去过分注意细节事实，否则会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的结果。通常的办法是，快速阅读文章时注意找出各段主题句。英文文章各段主题句常放在段首，有时也放在段尾或段落中间，有时不明确写出，通读文章后把各段主题句联系起来，一般就能得出文章主题。就整篇文章来讲，首段和尾段一般对于解这类题更为重要。我们以97年统考试卷中阅读理解部分的第一篇文章为例：How often one hears children wishing they were grown up，and old people wishing they were young again.Each age has its pleasures and its pains，and the happiest person is the one who enjoys what each age gives him without wasting his time in useless regrets.Childhood is a time when there are few responsibilities to make life difficult.If a child has good parents，he is fed，looked after and loved，whatever he may do.It is impossible that he will ever again in his life be given so much without having to do anything in return.In addition，life is always presenting new things to the child——things that have lost their interest for older people because they are too well-know.But a child has his pains：he is not so free to do what he wishes to do；he is continually being told not to do things，or being punished for what he has done wrong.When the young man starts to earn his own living，he can no longer expect others to pay for his food，his clothes，and his room，but has to work if he wants to live comfortably.If he spends most of his time playing about in the way that he used to as a child，he will go hungry.And if he breaks the laws of society as he used to break the laws of his parents，he may go to prison.If however，he works hard，keeps out of trouble and has good health，he can have the great happiness of building up for himself his own position in society.文章后面第四个问题是：The main idea of the passage is that_____.A.life is not enjoyable since each age has some pains B.young men can have the greatest happiness if they work hard C.childhood is the most enjoyable time in one’s life D.one is the happiest if he can make good use of each age in his life文章的第一段讲的是人们常听说孩子们盼着长大成人，老年人则希望返老还童。人生的每个阶段总是欢乐伴着苦恼，而最幸福的人则是那些既享受人生每一阶段所带来的欢乐，又没有因虚度年华而终生后悔的人。第二段讲述了一个人儿童时代的欢乐与苦恼，第三段则告诉读者青年人的责任与义务，机遇和挑战。从以上三段文字来看，第一段中第二句即是主题句，所以我们应选D为正确答案。（2）主要事实和细节题设题思路及答题技巧主要事实和细节题就是我们平时所说的由who，what，where，when，why，which，how引出的问题。这是极为常见的阅读理解题。这类题主要是针对论证支持主题的事实或例证设题，可能涉及数学计算、概念理解以及是非判断等。这类题的方法一般是先用寻读法找出与问题相关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行细读，找出问题答案。这类题提问的形式多种多样，常见的有以下几种：Which of the following（statements）is Not mentioned in the passage？According to the passage，which of the following statements is true？According to the passage，all of the following are true except_____How many…？What…？Why…？解这类题时，审题是关键，首先一定得看清问题。比如一句结论性的话后边到底是…is true，还是is not true.另外，由于细节题比较容易，有时为了增加测试难度，命题人员在题干或选项中要增加一些文字或意义上的干扰。所以考生很少能在原文中找到一模一样的现成答案。我们引用2002年试题为例。On November 19，1863，Abraham Lincoln went to Gettysburg in Pennsylvania to speak at the National Soldiers Cemetery.The Civil War was still going on.There was much criticism of President Lincoln at the time.He was not at all popular.He had been invited to speak at Gettysburg only out of politeness.The principal speaker was to be Edward Everett，a famous statesman and speaker of the day.Everett was a handsome man and very popular everywhere.It is said that Lincoln prepared his speech on the train while going to Gettysburg.Late that night，alone in his hotel room and tired out，he again worked briefly on the speech.The next day Everett spoke first.He spoke for an hour and 57 minutes.His speech was a perfect example of the rich oratory of the day.Then Lincoln rose.The crowd of 15，000 people at first paid little attention to him.He spoke for only nine minutes.At the end there was little applause.Lincoln turned to a friend and remarked，“I have failed again.”On the train back to Washington，he said sadly，“That speech was a flat failure，and the people are disappointed.”Some newspapers at first criticized the speech.But little by little as people read the speech they began to understand better.They began to appreciate its simplicity and its deep meaning.It was a speech which only Abraham Lincoln could have made.Today，every American school child learns Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address by heart.Now everyone thinks of it as one of the greatest speeches ever given in American history.文章的最后一题是：Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage？A.Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address has deep meaning.B.Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address is simple in style.C.Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address is memorized by every American schoolchild.D.Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address is the greatest speech ever delivered in the United States.答案可以在文章的第三段和第四段找到。“他的演讲含义深刻、风格简朴；如今美国所有的在校的学生都能背诵他的演讲”；文章中他谈到：“现在所有的人都认为他的演讲是美国历史上最好的演讲之一。”而不是美国最好的演讲。所以D是错误的。（3）推理性试题常见提问方式及答题技巧推理性试题大多含有infer，imply，suggest，conclude，（most）probably等关键词。以下是一些常见的提问方式：It can be inferred from the passage that_____.The passage implies that_____.The passage suggests that_____.What is implied in the passage？The paragraph following（proceeding）this passage probably will discuss（discusses）_____.推理性试题不能从文章中直接找到答案。解这类题需要考生在正确理解原文语言字面意义的基础上，运用逻辑推理的方法去理解文章字里行间的意义。对原文中找到的所有相关信息要进行仔细分析，摸清它们相互之间时间、方位、因果、对比等逻辑关系，在此基础上进行综合推理，选定答案。我们仍以2002年试题中的阅读理解文章为例。On November 19，1863，Abraham Lincoln went to Gettysburg in Pennsylvania to speak at the National Soldiers Cemetery.The Civil War was still going on.There was much criticism of President Lincoln at the time.He was not at all popular.He had been invited to speak at Gettysburg only out of politeness.The principal speaker was to be Edward Everett，a famous statesman and speaker of the day.Everett was a handsome man and very popular everywhere.It is said that Lincoln prepared his speech on the train while going to Gettysburg.Late that night alone in his hotel room and tired out，he again worked briefly on the speech.The next day Everett spoke first.He spoke for an hour and 57 minutes.His speech was a perfect example of the rich oratory of the day.Then Lincoln rose.The crowd of 15，000 people at first paid little attention to him.He spoke for only nine minutes.At the end there was little applause.Lincoln turned to a friend and remarked，“I have failed again.”On the train back to Washington，he said sadly，“That speech was a flat failure，and the people are disappointed.”Some newspapers at first criticized the speech.But little by little as people read the speech they began to understand better.They began to appreciate its simplicity and its deep meaning.It was a speech which only Abraham Lincoln could have made.Today，every American school child learns Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address by heart.Now everyone thinks of it as one of the greatest speeches ever given in American history.文章后面的第五题就是一个推理性试题。It can be inferred from the text that_____.A.Lincoln prepared his speech very carefully before he went to Gettysburg B.Lincoln was very busy at the time and didn’t have much time to prepare his speech C.Lincoln’s speech was full of rich words D.Lincoln’s speech was very long文章的第二段有这样的话：“It is said that Lincoln prepared his speech on the train while going to Gettysburg.Late that night，alone in his hotel room and tired out，he again worked briefly on the speech.”“据说林肯是在去葛底斯堡的火车上准备他的演讲的。那天深夜，在宾馆的房间里，他既孤独又疲倦，只是又简单准备了一下。”所以通过这些句子我们可以判断林肯非常的忙，没有更多的时间准备他的演讲，B是正确答案。A，C，D，均不符合文章的内容。（4）词汇题设题形式及答题技巧词汇题是询问文章中出现的某个词、某个词组甚至某个句子含义的题型。其中所询问的词、词组或句子，往往不为考生所熟悉，但又能在文中找到线索进行推测，所以这类考题是检查考生是否具备根据一个词、词组或句子所处的特定环境来判断其意义的能力。解答这类试题时，考生应首先明白，任何词或词语都不是孤立的，它或它们所在的上下文往往能提供重要的线索。某个定义、解释、甚至标点符号、关联词都可以帮助考生推测一些词或词语的意义，除此之外，我们还必须注意所测试的词或词语与其前后一些词形成的同义、反义、并列和指代等关系。这类题常见的提问方式有以下几种：The word“…”in line 5 refers to………The word“…”（Line 6.para.2）most probably means_____.By“…”，the author means_____.The word“…”could best be replaced by which of the following？which of the following is nearest in meaning to“…”？In para.2，the sentence“……”probably means“……”我们以2002年阅读第二篇文章为例：The market investigation is indispensable to sales promotion.They are closely related as the lips and teeth，so to speak.What you produce is for sale on the market.It would be impossible to succeed in selling a product without first investigating the market.In the international market，goods on sale coming from different countries and suppliers are always facing keen competition.Under such circumstances，they will try everything possible to familiarize themselves with the market conditions.In making investigations，we ought to get information about what similar items the competitors are offering on the market，what prices they are quoting（报价），what features their products have，who are their regular customers，etc.Then，how can we obtain such information？There are many channels that we can make use of in doing this sort of work.The commercial counselor’s offices of our embassies stationed abroad can help us in making market investigations.Nowadays，our import and export corporations send their trade groups abroad every now and then.One of their purposes is to make market surveys on the spot.Certainly，face-to-face talks with foreign businessmen are also important channels to get market information.The Chinese Export Commodities Fairs and some other fairs of similar nature as well as visits of foreign businessmen provide us with such opportunities.Of course，there are some other ways of making market investigations.文章的第三题是词汇题。The word“indispensable”in the first line means_____.A.impossibleB.essentialC.advisableD.available“indispensable”在文章的第一段的第一行。从它后面的句子：“市场调查和促销的关系就像牙齿和嘴唇的关系一样紧密。”接着又说：“生产是为了销售，如果没有事先的市场调查，销售就不可能成功。”又根据所给的四个选项，B：必不可少的，必需的。最合适。以下介绍几种通过上下文推断词义的行之有效的方法。1、标点符号是理解词义的一条重要线索，因为有些词的定义是通过标点符号，如破折号，括号，冒号等来完成的。如：Sometimes we work on night shift——from 11：30 p.m to 7：30 a.m从破折号后的说明，我们可以断定“night shift”是“夜班”的意思。2、有些信号词如：is called，means，that is，is，or，define as，refer to等通常是针对某一词汇的定义、解释或说明。如：One sort of crimes which particularly worries people is juvenile delinquency，that is，crimes committed by young people.从that is的解释来看，我们可以断定“juvenile delinquency”即“青少年犯罪”。3、举例可以帮助我们理解词义。对于有些重要的词汇，作者常在词后自带解释或例子。因此，根据例子可猜出词义。如：You may select any of these periodicals：Time Magazine，Newsweek，Reader’s Digest or The New Yorker.从后边列举的时代周刊、新闻周刊等流行期刊，我们可以断定“periodical”即“期刊杂志”。4、靠形成反差、对照的词或词组猜出词义。常见的这些词或词组有while，whereas，unlike，but，yet，although，however，in contrast，on the other hand，rather than等。如：Jane was talking with others while Eliza remained reticent all the time.文章的while作“而，却”解，由此我们可以断定“reticent”作“沉默寡言的”解。5、凭借常识和经验猜测词义。如：The door was so low that I hit my head on the lintel.只要你知道so that这个结构，凭借常识就应猜出“lintel”的意思是“过梁，上门梁”。6、根据构词法来猜测词义。熟悉英语词汇的构词法，特别是派生词的构成方法及词义，可以帮助我们在阅读过程中有效地猜测词义，提高阅读速度，准确答题。考生应特别注意英语词缀的某些特点。如，一般来说前缀只增加或改变一个词的意义，但并不改变其词性。例如：supermarket（超市），foretell（预言），dissatisfied（不满意的）uncomfortably（不舒服地）等。而后缀不但可以增加或改变一个词的意义，而且改变其词性。如washable变动词“洗”为形容词“可洗的”，normalize变形容词“正常的”为动词“使……正常化”，beginner变动词“开始”为名词“初学者”，childless则由名词“小孩”变为形容词“无子女的”。只要知道词根的意义，又熟悉前缀和后缀表示的意义，就不难判断这些词的词义。（5）询问作者写作目或态度的常见提问方式及答题技巧作者的语气态度往往不会直接写在文章里，只能通过细读文章，从作者的选词及其修饰手段中体会出来。这种题型常见的提问形式有：The author seems_____.The author’s tone in this passage is_____.The purpose of the author in writing this passage is_____.The author’s intention in writing the passage is to_____.The writer probably feels that_____.In the author’s opinion，_____.这类考题中，询问语气态度的题，选择项里常出现以下一些重要的词：sympathetic同情的；critical批评的；doubtful怀疑的；objective客观的；enthusiastic热情的，matter-of-fact实事求是的；hostile敌对的；satisfied满意的；friendly友好的；indifferent冷淡的；subjective主观的；optimistic乐观的；pessimistic悲观的；disappointed失望的；neutral中立的。询问写作目的的题，选择项里常出现的词是：explain解释；persuade劝说；comment评论；criticize批评；interest引起……的注意或兴趣；entertain使欢乐；argue辩论；demonstrate举例说明，示范；tell讲述；prove证明；urge激动；advise劝告；analyze分析；praise赞扬，view看待，等等。例：One bright spot in the U.S.economy in 1979 was the surprising decline in gasoline use.Rising fuel costs are finally prodding Americans to cut back on consumption，and the need for this becomes more acute all the time.有关作者态度或观点的问题是：How does the author view the decline in gas consumption？A.He is indifferent.B.He thinks it is a good sign.C.He doesn’t see the need for it.D.He is unhappy about it.作者把“the decline in gas consumption”描述为“one bright spot in the U.S economy”，可见答案应该是B.除了要掌握基本的阅读方法和前面讲到的应试技巧以外，要想在规定的时间内，既能准确又能快速地回答好所有问题，考生还应注意以下几点：1、考生应针对文章的不同题材和题型，选择不同的阅读方法。有时需要先浏览文章，后看题目；有时则不然。但通常情况下，应首先确定文章的主旨或主题，然后再审读问题。在绝大多数情况下我们的答题步骤应该是（1）预先快速浏览题干和每段首句，确定哪些是重点和相关因素，知道所设问题的类型，做到心中有数。（2）快速阅读文章，了解文章大意和重点，尽快扫描，读到与刚才所记住的与题干有关的内容，先用铅笔做些记号，快速在答案中选出一个临时答案，然后继续阅读。（3）用最快速度重读问题，找出心中已经有把握的答案位置。再阅读一遍该段有关材料，尽快答完有把握的问题。对那些尚未作答的题目，再用上述方法一口气重读一遍文章，这次应找出更微妙的线索，集中精力解决难题。2、一般来说，除了主旨及推论型题目以外，题目顺序与文章的情节发展是一致的，因此应按题目顺序解题。3、文章较难时，不必紧张，根据语言学科的测试规律，如果文章难则问题比较简单。只要能很好地应用阅读技巧，就不难找到正确答案。另外，文章偏长也不一定就难，因为在较长的篇幅中，其词汇，句子结构的复杂程度要相对容易些。4、阅读过程中，可以在文章或问题旁空白处做些记号，也可以对一些与答题有关的词句划线。还可以标出一些关键词，尤其是文章的论点、论据及一些有关事实，以避免遗忘或回顾时浪费时间。5、回答问题时不能按照个人的主观臆断，回答问题的根据应该建立在阅读文章的基础上。Passage1 Peopletravelforalotofreasons.Sometouristsgotoseebattlefieldsorreligiousshrines.Othersarelookingforculture,orsimplywanttohavetheirpicturetakeninfrontoffamousplaces.ButmostEuropeantouristsarelookingforasunnybeachtolieon.NorthernEuropeanarewillingtopayalotofmoneyandputupwithalotifinconveniencesforthesunbecausetheyhavesolittleofit.ResidentsofcitieslikeLondon,Copenhagen,andAmsterdamspendalotoftheirwinterinthedarkbecausethedaysaresoshort,andmuchoftherestoftheyearintherain.ThisisthereasontheMediterraneanhasalwaysattractedthem.Everysummer,morethan25millionpeopletraveltoMediterraneanresortandbeachesfortheirvacation.Theyallcomeforthesamereason:sun!ThehugecrowdsmeanlotsofmoneyfortheeconomiesofMediterraneancountries.Italy’s30,000hotelsarebookedsolideverysummer.And13millionpeoplecampoutonFrenchbeaches,parksandroadsides.Spain’slongsandycoastlineattractsmorepeoplethananywhereelse.37milliontouristsvisityearly,oronetouristforeverypersonlivinginSpain.Buttherearesignsthattheareaisgettingmoretourismthanitcanhandle.TheMediterraneanisalreadyoneofthemostpollutedseasonearth.Andwithincreasedtourism,it’sgettingworse.TheFrenchcan’tfigureoutwhattodowithallthegarbageleftbycampersaroundSt.Tropez.Andinmanyplaces,swimmingisdangerousbecauseofpollution.Noneofthis,however,isspoilinganyone’sfun.TheMediterraneangetsmorepopulareveryyearwithtourists.Obviously,theydon’tgothereforcleanwaterandsolitude.Theytoleratetrafficjamsandseemtolikecrowdedbeaches.Theydon’tevenmindthepollution.Nomatterhowdirtythewateris,thecoastlinestilllooksbeautiful.Andaslongasthesunshines,it’sstillbetterthansittinginthecoldraininBerlin,London,orOslo.1.ThewriterseemstoimplythatEuropeanstravelmostlyforthereasonthat______.A.theywanttoseehistoricremainsorreligiousspots B.theyareinterestedindifferentculturaltraditionsandsocialcustoms C.theywouldliketotakepicturesinfrontoffamoussites D.theywishtoescapefromthecold,darkandrainydaysbackathome.2.Inparagraph2，citieslikeLondon，Copenhagen，andAmsterdamarementioned_____.A.toshowthattheyarenotgoodcitiesintermsofgeographyandclimate B.totellushowwealthytheirresidentsare C.tosuggestthatthesecitieslackplacesofhistoricinterestandscenicbeauty D.toprovethattheyhavegotmoretourismthantheyhandle 3.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingcountriesattractsmoretouriststhantheothers?A.ItalyB.Spain C.GreeceD.France 4.Thelatterhalfofthelastsentenceinparagraph3,“oronetouristforeverypersonlivinginSpain”means_____.A.allthe37millionpeoplelivinginSpainaretourist B.everyyearalmostasmanytouristsvisitSpainastherearepeoplelivinginthatcountry C.everypersonlivinginSpainhastotakecareofatourist D.everySpanishisvisitedbyatouristeveryyear 5.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingfactorsmightspoilthetourists’funatMediterraneanresortsandbeaches?A.Pollutedwater.B.Crowdedbuses.C.Trafficjams.D.Rainyweather.Passage2 Inthelast500years,nothingaboutpeople--nottheirclothes,ideas,orlanguages--haschangedasmuchaswhattheyeat.TheoriginalchocolatedrinkwasmadefromtheseedsofthecocoatreebySouthAmericanIndians.TheSpanishintroducedittotherestoftherestoftheworldduringthe1500’s.Andalthoughitwasveryexpensive,itquicklybecamefashionable.InLondonshopswherechocolatedrinkswereweavedbecameimportantmeetingplaces.Somestillexisttoday.ThepotatoisalsofromtheNewWorld.Around1600,theSpanishbroughtitfromPerutoEurope,whereitsoonwaswidelygrown.IrelandbecamesodependentonitthatthousandsofIrishpeoplestarvedwhenthecropfailedduringthe“PotatoFamine”of1845-6,andthousandsmorewereforcedtoemigratetoAmerica.TherearemanyotherfoodsthathavetraveledfromSouthAmericatotheOldWorld.Butsomeotherswentintheoppositedirection.BrazilisnowtheWorld’slargestgrowerofcoffee,andcoffeeisanimportantcropinColombiaandotherSouthAmericancountries.ButitisnativetoEthiopia.ItwasfirstmadeintoadinkbyArabsduringthe1400’s.AccordingtoanArabiclegend,coffeewasdiscoveredwhenagoatherdnameKaldinoticedthathisgoatswereattractedtotheredberriesonacoffeebush.Hetriedonandexperiencedthe“wideawake”feelingthatone-thirdoftheworld’spopulationnowstartsthedaywith.6.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowinghaschangedthemostinthelast500years?A.Food.B.Chocolate.C.Potato.D.Coffee.7.“Some”in“Somestillexisttoday”means_____.A.somecocoatressB.somechocolatedrinks C.someshopsD.someSouthAmericanIndians 8.ThousandsofIrishpeoplestarvedduringthe“PotatoFamine”because_____.A.theyweresodependentonthepotatothattheyrefusedtoeatanythingelse B.theywereforcedtoemigratetoAmerica C.theweatherconditionsinIrelandwerenotsuitableforgrowingthepotato D.thepotatoharvestwasbad 9.Coffeeoriginallycamefrom_____.A.BrazilB.ColombiaC.EthiopiaD.Arabia 10.TheArabiclegendisusedtoprovethat_____.A.coffeewasfirstdiscoveredbyKaldi B.coffeewasfirstdiscoveredbyKaldi’sgoats C.coffeewasfirstdiscoveredinSouthAmericancountries D.coffeedrinkswerefirstmadebyArabs Passage3 concerningmoneyoranythingelse,conflictsbetweenhusbandandwifeusuallyreflectapowerstruggle.Conflictsbetweenparentandchildoftencenteraroundthesameissue.Aschildrenenteradolescence,theybegintodemandgreaterfreedomtogowheretheyplease,dowhattheyplease,andmakedecisionswithoutparietalinterference.ManyAmericanparentsdonotknowhowtodealwiththeirteenagersandseekadvicefrombooks,lectures,andparenttrainingcourses.Parentswanttomaintainafriendlyrelationshipwiththeirteenagersandalsowanttoguidethemsothattheirbehaviorwillbewhatevertheparentsconsiderproperandconstructive.Butinasocietyofrapidlychangingsocialandmoralvalues,parentsandchildrenoftendisagreeaboutwhatisimportantandwhatisright.Argumentsmayconcernsuchunimportantmattersasstylesofdressorhairdos.Butquarrelsmayalsoconcernschoolwork,afterschooljobs,decisions,useofthefamilycar,dating,andsexbehavior.Somefamilieshaveseriousproblemswithteenagerswhodropoutofschool,runawayfromhome,oruseillegaldrugs.Becausesomuchpublicityisgiventotheproblemteenager,onegetstheimpressionthatallteenagersaretroublemakers.Actually,relativelyfewadolescentsdoanythingwrongandnearlyallgrowupinto“solidcitizens”whofulfillmostoftheirparents’expectations.Infact,recentstudiesshowthatthe“generationgap”isnarrowing.Thevastmajorityofteenagerssharemostoftheirparents’valuesandideas.Manyparentssaythattheygetalongwiththeiradolescentsquitewell.11.Accordingtothewriter,conflictsbetweenhusbandandwifeusuallyreflect_____.A.feelingofhatred B.powerstruggle C.thattheydon’tcareforeachother D.thattheymayappealtodivorce 12.Aschildrenenteradolescents,theybegintodothefollowingEXCEPT______.A.demandinggreaterfreedomgowherevertheyplease B.makingdecisionswithoutparentalinterference C.gettingmarriedwhenevertheyplease D.doingwhattheyplease 13.“generationgapisnarrowing”means_____.A.theadolescentsnowbecometimid B.parentscometogetalongwiththeirchildren C.thevastmajorityofteenagerssharemostoftheirparents’valuesandideas D.parentsandteenagerdon’tliketoquarrel 14.Parentsandchildrenoftendisagreeaboutwhatisimportantorrightbecause_____.A.theyhavedifferentstylesoflife B.theyhateeachother C.parentsthinkthattheirchildrenaretroublemakers D.theyareinasocietyofrapidlychangingsocialandmoralvalues 15.WhenmanyAmericanparentsdon’tknowhowtodealwiththeirchildrentheyseekadvicefromthefollowingexcept_____.A.neighbors B.parent-trainingcourses C.books D.lectures TV Shows and Long Bus Trips Long bus rides are like televisions shows.They have a beginning，a middle，and an end-with commercials thrown in every three or four minutes.The commercials are unavoidable.They happen whether you want them or not.Every couple of minutes a billboard glides by outside the bus window.“Buy Super Clean Toothpaste.”“Drink Good‘n Wet Root Beer.”“Fill up with Pacific Gas.”Only if you sleep，which is equal to turning the television set off，are you spared the unending cry of“You Need It！Buy It Now！”The beginning of the ride is comfortable and somewhat exciting，even if you‘ve traveled that way before.Usually some things have changed-new houses，new buildings，sometimes even a new road.The bus driver has a style of driving and it’s fun to try to figure it out the first hour or so.If the driver is particularly reckless or daring，the ride can be as thrilling as a suspense story.Will the driver pass the truck in time？Will the driver move into the right or the left-hand lane？After a while，of course，the excitement dies down.Sleeping for a while helps pass the middle hours of the ride.Food always makes bus rides more interesting.But you‘ve got to be careful of what kind of food you eat.Too much salty food can make you very thirsty between stops.The end of the ride is somewhat like the beginning.You know it will soon be over and there’s a kind of expectation and excitement in that.The seat of course，has become harder as the hours have passed.By now you‘ve sat with your legs crossed，with your hands in your lap，with your hands on the arm rests-even with your hands crossed behind your head.The end comes just at no more ways to sit.1.According to the passage，what do the passengers usually see when they are on a long bus trip？A）Buses on the road.B）Films on television.C）Advertisements on the board.D）Gas stations.2.What is the purpose of this passage？A）To give the writer‘s opinion about long bus trips.B）To persuade you to take a long bus trip.C）To explain how bus trips and television shows differ.D）To describe the billboards along the road.3.the writer of this passage would probably favor A）bus drivers who weren‘t reckless B）driving alone.C）a television set on the bus.D）no billboards along the road.4.The writer feels long bus rides are like TV shows because A）the commercials both on TV shows and on billboards along the road are fun.B）they both have a beginning，a middle，and an end，with commercials in between.C）the drivers are always reckless on TV shows just as they are on buses.D）both traveling and watching TV are not exciting.5.The writer thinks that the end of the ride is somewhat like the beginning because both are A）exciting.B）comfortable.C）tiring.D）boring KEY：CADBA。
