第02讲阅读理解之推理判断题.2022年高考英语二轮复习大提升增分策略【题型概述】推理判断题是高考阅读理解试题中的重要题型之一,它属于主观题，是阅读理解中层次较高的题目，因此也是考生失分率较高的题型。学生需要在理解原文字面意义的基础上。通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，做出一定的判断和推理，从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。推理判断题不仅要推理，还要选择判断出正确选项，排除掉干扰选项。这是考查的重点，也是解推理判断题的关键。【增分策略】推理判断题的设题方式1.对文章的观点或结论进行推测(1)From the passage we can learn that.(2)Which of the following can be inferred?(3)From the passage we can draw a conclusion that.2.对作者的意图、观点、态度进行推测(1)What is the author’s attitude towards the experts mentioned in the passage?(2)Which of the following best describes Turin’s work?3.对文章隐含的意义进行推测(1)The author implies.(2)What do you think would happen after.(3)This event probably took place in.4.对文章的出处进行推测(l)This passage can be found in.(2)This passage would be likely taken from.【提升能力】一、细节推断题抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，结合上下文或前后句推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。在推断中，我们要严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实，然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断,从而得出符合逻辑的结论。【例］(2021年•新高考全国I卷)Mr Titterton is chairman of the Omega Ensemble but has been the group’sofficial page turner for the past four years.His job is to sit beside the pianist and turn the pages of the score so the musician doesn’t have to break the flow of sound by doing it themselves.He said he became just as nervous as those playing instruments on stage.“A lot of skills are needed fbr the job.Yo u have to make sure you don’t turn two pages at once and make sure you find the repeats in the music when you have to go back to the right spot."Mr Titterton explained.Being a page turner requires plenty of practice.Some pieces of music can go for 40 minutes and require up to 50 page turns,including back turns for repeat passages.Silent onstage communication is key,and each pianist hasdigital tomes.Free delivery by online sellers was prohibited because it implied a subsidy(补贝占)on the delivered books(encouraging online sellers to charge only€0.01 fbr postage).But a new challenge to the policy is proving more difficult to deal with.Used books are exempted from the pricing rule.Third-party sellers on Amazon are accused of using this as a way to apply forbidden discounts:selling brand-new books as"second hand^^to make them cheaper.So fans can purchase a copy of the latest Michel Houellebecq novel Serotonine for 11.71 pounds on Amazon,roughly half of its original price.Its seller claims it is in"perfectly new“condition.Amazon claims its practices are legal.But books sellers are upset,and their political allies with them."This is a major concern,“said Franck Riester,the culture minister,at a bookseller^conference this week.He says new laws may be needed.Defenders of the fixed-price principle(which has spread to other parts of Europe)say it helps keep independent bookshops alive.Others are not so sure.Books are expensive in France-an odd way to encourage people to buy more.13.What was the function of the law passed in 1981?A.To stop publishers from publishing poor books.B.To prevent the random price of books in the market.C.To help book consumers benefit from the free market.D.To encourage French booksellers to sell cheaper books.14.What’s implied about the arrival of e-commerce and e-readers in Paragraph 2?A.It greatly changed people’s reading habits.B,It challenged the principle of"one book,one price”.C.It weakened the ties between publishers and authors.D.It provided local booksellers with some new opportunities.15.What does the underlined part“are exempted from^^in Paragraph 4 mean?A.are involved in.B.are threatened by.C.are consistent with.D.are unrestricted by.16.What is Franck Riester’s attitude towards those third-party sellers5 practices on Amazon?A.He is hopeful of them.B.He is uncertain of them.C.He disapproves of them.D.He is indifferent to them.【来源】2020届江西省抚州市临川第一中学高三5月模拟英语试题【答案】13.BB 14.DC【解析】【分析】本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了购买书籍的固定价格规那么以及出售图书面临的新问题。13.细节理解题。根据第一段A law passed in 1981 bans the sale of any book at anything other than the price decided by its publisher.Authorities are cracking down on those trying to sell the latest Thomas Piketty or J.K Rowling at a discount.1981年通过的一项法律禁止以出版商决定的价格以外的任何价格出售任何书籍。当局者正在打击那些试图以折扣价出售最新的托马斯・皮凯蒂(Thomas Piketty)或J・K・罗琳(J.K Rowling)书籍的人。可知，1981年通过的法律是为了防止图书在市场上随意定价。应选B项。14.推理判断题。根据第二段But the arrival of e-commerce and e-readers has promoted questions worthy of their own tomes(大部头著作).但是，电子商务和电子阅读器的到来，提出了一些值得自己思考的问题。及第三段Changes have been made to preserve the principle of“one book,one price”.为了保持“一本书，一个价格”的原那么,已经做了一些修改。推测，电子商务和电子阅读器的到来意味着它挑战了“一本书，一个价格”的原那么。应选B项。15.词句猜想题。结合后文Third-party sellers on Amazon are accused of using this as a way to apply forbidden discounts:selling brand-new books as"second hand”to make them cheaper.亚马逊的第三方卖家被指控利用这一点来实施禁止的折扣：将全新的书籍作为“二手”出售，以使其更廉价。推测前文Used books are exempted from the pricing rule.旧书不受定价规那么的约束。因此are exempted from意为“不受限制的。”应选D项。16.推理判断题。根据最后一段"This is a major concern,"said Franck Riester,the culture minister,at a bookseller^conference this week.He says new laws may be needed."这是一个重大问题，“文化部长Franck Riester在本周的一次书商会议上说。他说可能需要新的法律。可知，Franck Riester不赞成那些第三方卖家在亚马逊的做法。应选C项。their own style of“nodding"to indicate a page turn which they need to practise with their page turner.But like all performances,there are moments when things go wrong.“I was turning the page to get ready fbr the next page,but the draft wind from the turn caused the spare pages to fall off the stand,“Mr Titterton said,“Luckily I was able to catch them and put them back.”25.Which of the following best describes Titterton5s job on stage?A.Boring.B.Well-paid.C.Demanding.D.Dangerous.第一步题干关键词：describes Titterton*s job on stage第二步原文定位点:Tittertonsjob第一次出现在原文第二段。第三、四段是对第二段的补充说明。第三步分析得答案：根据第三段中的Alotof skills are needed for the job和第四段中的Being a page turner requires plentyofpractice可知,乐谱翻页这份工作需要很多技能，也需要大量的练习。由此可判断出，提特顿作为乐谱翻页者，这项工作是“难度大的，要求高的A项“单调泛味的”和B项“工资高的”，从文章中找不到相关的依据；D项“危险的”与第五段中的there are moments when things gowrong不相符，表演中也有出错的时候，但并不能得出它是“危险的”。应选C项。二、推测文章的观点或结论在推测观点时，要对表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词语特别敏感。有时这类问题问的不一定是全文的中心思想或作者的全部观点，而可能只是文章中的某一观点。但要推测出文中的某一观点，仍离不开对全文主要观点或中心思想的把握。文章的结论通常在尾段出现。有时也会出现开头给出观点,后文对其演绎的行文方式。【例1（2020年•全国卷III）We are the products of evolution,and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago.As scientists look deeper into our genes（基因），they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years.People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes.Cattle-raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation（突变）that helps them digest milk as adults.32.What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?A.Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers.B.New knowledge of human evolution.C.Recent findings of human origin.D.Significance of food selection.第一步题干关键词：what,the author,the example,Paragraph 1第二步原文定位点:第一段第三步分析得答案：根据As scientists look deeper into our genes（基因）,they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years,可知:例子是为了进一步说明研究者在深入地研究我们的基因，发现了过去几千年人类进化的现象。应选B。【刷名校真题】语法填空练习学校:姓名：班级：考号：一、阅读理解There are two types of people in the world.Although they have equal degree of health and wealth and other comforts of life,one becomes happy,the other becomes unhappy.This arises from the different ways in which they consider things,persons,events and the resulting effects upon their minds.People who are to be happy fix their attention on the convenience of things.The pleasant parts of conversation,the well prepared dishes,the goodness of the wine,the fine weather.They enjoy all the cheerful things.Those who are to be unhappy think and speak only of the opposite things.Therefore,they are continually dissatisfied.By their remarks,they sour the pleasure of society,offend(hurt)many people,and make themselves disagreeable everywhere.If this turn of mind was founded in nature,such unhappy persons would be the more to be pitied.The intention of criticizing and being disliked is perhaps taken up by imitation.It grows into a habit,unknown to its possessors.The habit may be strong,but it may be cured when those who have it realize its bad effects on their interests and tastes.I hope this little warning may be of service to them,and help them change this habit.Although in fact it is chiefly an act of the imagination,it has serious results in life since it brings on deep sorrow and bad luck.Those people offend many others;nobody loves them,and no one treats them with more than the most common politeness and respect.This frequently puts them in bad temper and draws them into arguments.If they aim at getting some advantages in social position or fortune,nobody wishes them success.Nor will anyone start a step or speak a word to favor their hopes.If they bring on themselves public objections,no one will defend or excuse them,and many will join to criticize their wrongdoings.They should change this bad habit and be pleased with what is pleasing,without worrying needlessly about themselves and others.If they do not,it will be good for others to avoid any contact with them.Otherwise,it can be disagreeable and sometimes very inconvenient,especially when one becomes mixed up in their quarrels.1.The underlined phrase"sour the pleasure of society^^in Para.2 most nearly means.A.have a good taste with social lifeB.make others unhappyC.tend to scold others openlyD.enjoy the pleasure of life 2.We can conclude from the passage that.A.we should pity all such unhappy peoplesuch unhappy people are dangerous to social life B.unhappy people can not understand happy personspeople can get rid of the habit of unhappiness 3.If such unhappy persons insist on keeping the habit,the author suggests that people should.A.prevent any communication with them B.show no respect and politeness to thempersuade them to recognize the bad effects C.quarrel with them until they realize the mistakesIn this passage,the writer mainly.A.describes two types of peopleB.laughs at the unhappy peopleC.suggests ways to help unhappy peopleD.tells people how to be happy in life【来源】黑龙江省哈尔滨市第六中学2021届高三12月月考英语试题【答案】1.BD 2.AC【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。短文比照了快乐的人和不快乐的人的相同之处和不同之处，作者还给了不快乐的人提出了一些建议，让他们如何保持快乐。1.词义猜想题。由第二段“By their remarks,they sour the pleasure of society,offend(hurt)many people,and make themselves disagreeable every where”可知，通过他们的言论，他们破坏了社会群体的乐趣，伤害了许多人，使他们在任何地方都不讨人喜欢。and并列连接了三个表示贬义的动词，所以A和D选项被排除。社会是由人构成的，破坏了社会的乐趣也就是让别人不开心。所以根据上下文的语境，可以判断出第2段中的带下划线的短语“sour the pleasure of society”最接近于B选项“让别人不开心”。故B选项正确。2.推理判断题。由第二段“...but it may be cured when those who have it realize its bad effects on their interests and tastes”可知，但当那些有这种习惯的人意识到它对他们的兴趣和爱好有不良影响时，这种习惯可能会被改掉。所以通过关键词“be cured”可以判断出，人们能够改掉这种不快乐的习惯。故D选项正确。3.细节理解题。由最后段"If they do not,it will be good for others to avoid any contact with them.“可知,如果他们不这样做，那么其他人最好防止与他们接触。所以如果这些不快乐的人坚持保持这种坏习惯，作者建议人们应该不要和他们交流。故A选项正确。4.主旨大意题。通读全文可知，短文比照了快乐的人和不快乐的人的相同之处和不同之处，并着重向不快乐的人提出了一些保持快乐的建议，希望他们能够快乐。所以短文主要提出了一些帮助不快乐的人的方法。在故C选项正确。Since time immemorial,people have been searching for the fountain of youth.Surprisingly,the dream of human immortality is,according to some scientists,not so far out of reach.Professor Brian Cox,Google’s Ray Kurzweil,and Tesla head Elon Musk all agree on not only the possibility of human immortality but also that it is not too far away.The solution,they say,is something called the"technological singular!ty,9.The singularity is a combination of humankind with computers,namely uploading the contents of one’s brain onto a hard drive.In that way,a person’s consciousness can stay alive after a physical body gets worse.This is based on the idea that a human brain is simply a machine,and there is,according to Professor Cox,“no reason at all why we cannot simulate（模拟）human intelligence J using a computer.Although Professor Cox did not say when the singularity would occur,Google’s Ray Kurzweil predicts that the singularity will happen as early as 2045.By 2100,he says,human body parts will be replaceable by machine parts.Further,by uploading our brains onto a computer,we will be able to toy with it,and become“able to expand the scope of our intelligence a billion fold.Elon Musk agreed with the asessments of the other scientists,even going so far as saying that the chances that we are not in a computer simulation right now are"one in billions^^.Google is preparing for a future where you can download personalities onto robots.For example,you might be able to download onto your robot a celebrity personality,or of the personality of your deceased grandmother.The search engine giant filed a patent for this download process recently.So they definitely believe that the singularity is just around the corner.All you have to do is hold on until 2045,and soon you can effectively live in the cloud.5.What does the underlined word“immortality”in paragraph 1 probably mean?A.Living forever.B.Rebirth after death.C.Being perfect.D.Continuous improvement.6.How did the writer illustrate the idea of human immortality in the text?A.By giving examples.B.By presenting quotations.C.By logically reasoning.D.By making a description.7.Which of the following can Elon Musk most probably agree with?A.Computers are much smarter than humankind.B,Computers can never suipass humankind at all.C.Computers and humankind are quite different.D.Computers can be another version of humankind.8.How can humankind improve by 2100 according to the text?A.Physically and intelligently.B.Individually and corporately.C.Psychologically and spiritually.D.Emotionally and materially.【来源】江西省顶级名校2021届高三下学期第三次模拟考试英语试题【答案】5.AB 6.DA【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文。自古以来，人们就一直在寻找青春之泉。令人惊讶的是，根据一些科学家的说法，人类永生的梦想并非遥不可及。文章文引用Brian Cox>Ray Kurzweil以及Elon Musk三人的观点来说明不久的将来人类完全可以永生。5.词句猜想题。从第一段中的fountain of youth（年轻的源泉）以及后文中的stay alive等可知这里指“永生结合选项：A.Living forever永生；B.Rebirth after death死后重生C.Being perfect保持完美；D.Continuous improvement不断提升。应选A。6.推理判断题。通读全文可知文章文引用Brian Cox>Ray Kurzweil以及Elon Musk三人的观点来说明不久的将来人类完全可以永生。有直接的引语也有间接引用。应选B。7.推理判断题。注意第五段的最后一句"that the chances that we are not in a computer simulation right now are“one in billions.中的"that we are not in a computer simulation right now”是chance的同位语从句，全句意为：我们现在不处于计算机仿真的可能性为十亿分之一，这是一个双重否认，也就是说我们现在正处于计算机仿真中，计算机就是人的翻版。杜选D。8.细节理解题。从第四段中“human body parts will be replaceable by machine parts（人体部件将被机器部件取代）”可知今后可以用机器部位替换人的身体部位，这是“physically（身体上地广的提升，根据第四段“by uploading our brains onto a computer（通过把我们的大脑上传到电脑上）”可知人的的大脑可以和电脑相结合，这是intelligently（智能地）的提升。应选A。This season,the bushfires in Australia have burned more than 12.35 million acres of land.At least 25 people have been killed and 2000 homes destroyed.According to the BBC,this is the most casualties（伤亡）from wildfires in the country since 2009.The University of Sydney estimates that 480 million animals have died in South Wales alone.Zeke Hausfather,an energy systems analyst and climate researcher at Berkeley Earth,said warmer temperatures and extreme weather have made Australia more susceptible to fires and increased the length of the fire season."The drier conditions combined with record high temperatures in 2019 created main conditions for the disastrous fires.Australia’s fires were worsened by the combination of those two.2019 was the perfect storm fbr being the wannest year on record fbr Australia and the driest year on record fbr Australia/7 Hausfather added on Friday.Kevin Trenberth,a senior scientist at the US National Center for Atmospheric Research,said warmer ocean temperatures also contributed to more variable weather around the world.Trenberth believes that global warming contributed to energy imbalances and hot spots in the oceans,which can create a wave in the atmosphere that locks weather patterns in places,causing longer rain events in Indonesia,for example,and at the same time contributing to drought in Australia.He said that once an area experiences drought conditions for two months or more,it increases the risk of fires catching and spreading.Those changing weather patterns due to global warming make drought events longer.Climate experts stress that climate change is not the only factor in the severity of wildfires.How land is managed can also impact the amount of fuel available for fires.Practices like controlled burns and other factors can impact the risk to people and property,such as warning systems and the type of development in a given area.Changing those policies has great potential to limit future damage from wildfires along with changes to how fire management resources are dispatched（派遣）.9.What are the numbers about in Paragraph 1?A.The causes of Australian fires.B.The results of Australian fires.C.The damaged areas of Australian fires.D.The property destruction of Australian fires.10.Which of the following best explains"susceptible to“in the second paragraph?A.Very quickly to adapt to.B.Very seriously to focus on.C.Very easily to be protected against.D.Very likely to be influenced by.11.What can we infer from Trenberth’s research?A.Warmer ocean temperatures promote fires spreading.B.Longer dry weather contributes to global warming.C.The imbalanced energy leads to the temperature rising.D.Global warming is the root cause of the bushfires.12.What does the author intend to do in the last paragraph?A.To provide some advice about reducing damage.B.To show the methods for controlling burns.C.To predict the seriousness of Australian fires.D.To stress the effects of Australian fires.【来源】2021届湖北省武汉外国语学校高三第一学期12月调研考试英语试题【答案】9.BD 10.DA【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了澳大利亚森林大火的巨大破坏力，分析了大火产生并蔓延的各种原因（条件）。9.推理判断题。根据原文第一段“This season,the bushfires in Australia have burned more than 12.35 million acres of land.At least 25 people have been killed and 2000 homes destroyed."（这个季节，澳大利亚的森林大火已经烧毁了超过1235万英亩的土地。至少25人死亡，2000所房屋被毁。）可知，其分别从过火面积、人员伤亡和财产损失（房屋损毁）等三个维度描述森林大火的巨大破坏力，本段的数字是关于“森林大火产生的严重后果’’的，应选B项。10.短语猜想题。由第二段“Zeke Hausfather,an energy systems analyst and climate researcher at Berkeley Earth,said warmer temperatures and extreme weather have made Australia more susceptible to fires and increased the length of the fire season（加州大学伯克利分校地球分校的能源系统分析师和气候研究员泽克・豪萨福尔说，气温升高和极端天气使澳大利亚更容易发生火灾，并延长了高火险季节的持续时间广可推测，气温升高和极端天气更容易发生火灾，more susceptible to的含义与“更易遭受，更容易受到影响“接近或相同，与D项“Verylikely to be influenced by（很容易受的影响）‘’意思相近。应选D项。11.推理判断题。由第三段的He said that once an area experiences drought conditions for two months or more,it increases the risk of fires catching and spreading.Those changing weather patterns due to global warming make drought events longer.（他说，一旦一个地区经历了两个月或更长时间的干旱，它就会增加火灾和火灾蔓延的风险。那些由于全球变暖而改变的天气使得干旱持续的时间更长。）可推断，全球气候变暖是森林火灾的根本原因，其逻辑链条是全球气候变暖导致干旱或延长干旱时间增加火灾风险，增加火灾蔓延风险。应选D项。12.推理判断题。此题要求推断作者最后一段写作的目的意图，这一段中，气候专家强调，气候变化不是野火严重的唯一因素。土地的管理方式也会影响火灾可用燃料的数量。该段还提到“Practices like controlled bums and other factors can impact the risk to people and property,such as warning systems and the type of development in a given area.（诸如控制性燃烧和其他因素等做法可能会影响火灾对人和财产的风险，如预警系统和特定地区的开发类型。）同时，火灾管理资源分配方式改变的同时，改变这些政策有很大的潜力降低未来野火造成的损害（has great potential to limit future damage）o综上可知，作者在最后一段想要提供一些关于减少火灾损失的建议（To provide some advice about reducing damage.）o应选A项。A book is so much more than mere ink and paper.So insist French booksellers,who for nearly four decades successfully persuade the government to keep the forces of the free market at bay.A law passed in 1981 bans the sale of any book at anything other than the price decided by its publisher.Authorities are cracking down on those trying to sell the latest Thomas Piketty or J.K Rowling at a discount.The fixed-price rule is meant to keep customers loyal to their local bookshop and out of the control of supermarkets and corporations.But the arrival of e-commerce and e-readers has promoted questions worthy of their own tomes（大部头著作）.Can you fix the price of a book if it is part of an all-you-can-read subscription service?Are audio-books books at all?And what of authors who self-publish?Changes have been made to preserve the principle of"one book,one price”.In 2011,the rule began to apply to。
