倒装句可分为全部倒装和部分倒装全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：1)here,there,now,then,thus等副词置于句首,谓语动词常用be,come,go,lie,run。
There goes the bell.
Then came the chairman.
Here is your letter.2)表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.
Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
Here he comes.Away they went.部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do,does或did，并将其置于主语之前。1)句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no,not,never,seldom,little,hardly,at no time,in no way,not until…等。
Never have I seen such a performance.
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。注意：如否定词不在句首不倒装。
I have never seen such a performance.
The mother didn’t leave the room until the child fell asleep.典型例题1)Why can’t I smoke here?At no time___in the meeting-roomA.is smoking permittedB.smoking is permittedC.smoking is it permittedD.does smoking permit答案A.这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。这些否定词包括no,little,hardly,seldom,never,not only,not until等。本题的正常语序是Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.以否定词开头作部分倒装文字如Not only…but also,Hardly/Scarcely…when,No sooner…than例Not only did he refuse the gift,he also severely criticized the sender.
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.典型例题No sooner___than it began to rain heavily.
A.the game began B.has the game begunC.did the game begin D.had the game begun答案D.以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never,seldom,scarcely,little,few,not,hardly,以及not only…but(also),no sooner…than,hardly…when scarcely…when等等。注意：只有当Not only…but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only…but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。
Not only you but also I am fond of music.so,neither,nor作部分倒装表示"也"、"也不"的句子要部分倒装。
Tom can speak French.So can Jack.
If you won’t go,neither will I.典型例题---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?---I don’t know,_____.
A.nor don’t I careB.nor do I careC.I don’t care neitherD.I don’t care also答案：B.nor为增补意思"也不关心"，因此句子应倒装。A错在用don’t再次否定，C neither用法不对且缺乏连词。D缺乏连词。注意：当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
---It’s raining hard.---So it is.only在句首要倒装的情况Only in this way,can you learn English well.
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装Only when he is seriously ill,does he ever stay in bed.as,though引导的倒装句as/though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词,副词,分词,实义动词提前）。注意：1)句首名词不能带任何冠词。
2)句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will,he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.注意:让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是though和yet可连用。其他部分倒装1)so…that或such…that句型中的so和such位于句首时，需倒装。
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.2)在某些表示祝愿的句型中：May you all be happy.3)在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were,had,should等词，可将if省略，把were,had,should移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。
Were I you,I would try it again.典型例题：1）Not until the early years of the 19th century___what heat isA.man did know B.man knew C.didn’t man know D.did man know答案为D.否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。2）Not until I began to work___how much time I had wasted.
A.didn’t I realizeB.did I realizeC.I didn’t realizeD.I realize答案为B。3)Do you know Tom bought a new car?I don’t know,___.
A.nor don’t I care B.nor do I careC.I don’t care neitherD.I don’t care also解析：答案为B.句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示"也不"。由so,neither,nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中,so用于肯定句,而neither,nor用在否定句中。倒装的作用和用法倒装(Inversion)是一种语法手段,用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要。英语的最基本结构是主、谓结构,倒装就是将这种比较固定的结构加以颠倒。倒装有两种:将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来,叫做完全倒装(Complete Inversion)。如:In came a man with a white beard.只将助动词(包括情态动词)移至主语之前,叫做部分倒装(Partial Inversion)。如:Only once was John late to class.英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装,二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。前一种情况,倒装是必须的,否则就会出现语法错误;后一种情况,倒装是选择性的,倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。下面本文就拟从其修辞功能谈谈倒装句的用法。一、表示强调:倒装句最突出、最常见的修辞效果就是强调,其表现形式如下:1.only+状语或状语从句置于句首,句子用部分倒装。例1:Only in this way can you solve this problem.只有用这种方法,你才可以解决这个问题。例2:Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。2.not,little,hardly,scarcely,no more,no longer,in no way,never,seldom,not only,no sooner等具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首,句子用部分倒装。例1:No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.我刚到家就下起了雨。例2:Seldom do I go to work by bus.我很少乘公共汽车上班。3.so/such...that结构中的so或such位于句首可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调so/such和that之间的部分。例1:So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled.他的要价太离谱,令每个人都瞠目结舌。例2:To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out.她的彩排进行得那么长,以致于那两个演员都走出去了。以上各例都用倒装语序突出了句首成分,其语气较自然语序强烈,因而具有极佳的修辞效果。二、承上启下有时倒装可把前一句说到的人或物,或与前一句有联系的人或物在下一句紧接着先说出来,从而使前后两句在意思上的关系更加清楚,衔接更加紧密,起到承上启下的作用。例1:They broke into her uncle’s bedroom and found the man lying on the floor,dead.Around his head was a brown snake.他们破门进入她叔叔的卧室,发现他躺在地板上死了。一条棕褐色的蛇缠在他头上。例2:We really should not resent being called paupers.Paupers we are,and paupers we shall remain.我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋而愤愤不平。我们的确是穷光蛋,而且还会继续是穷光蛋。三、制造悬念,渲染气氛在新闻或文学创作中,有时为了内容的需要,或是为了强调,作者常常运用倒装来制造悬念,渲染气氛。如:Hanging on the wall was a splendid painting.墙上挂着一幅精美的图画。再如朗费罗(Longfellow)《雪花》中的一节:Out of the bosom of the Air,Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken,Over the woodlands brown and bare,Over the harvest-fields forsaken,Silent,and soft,and slow,Descends the snow.在这一节诗里,诗人就富有创意地运用了倒装。在前五行中,诗人堆砌了七个状语,状语连续出现而主语和谓语却迟迟未露,造成一种悬念效应。全节读罢,读者才对诗歌的主题恍然大悟,因而收到了不同凡响的艺术效果。四、平衡结构英语修辞的一个重要原则是尾重原则,即把句子最复杂的成分放在句尾以保持句子平衡。在语言使用中为了避免产生头重脚轻、结构不平衡的句子,我们常采用倒装语序。1.以作状语的介词短语开头:当主语较长或主语所带修饰语较长时,为了使句子平衡,常将状语置于句首,句子用完全倒装语序。例1:A.To the coal mine came a com-pany of PLA soldiers with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.B.A company of PLA soldiers came to the coal mine with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.一个连队的解放军战士来到了那座煤矿,奉司令部之命解救受困的矿工。例2:A.On the ground lay some air conditioners,which are to be shipped to some other cities.B.Some air conditioners lay on the ground,which are to be shipped to some other cities.地上放着一些空调,等着用船运到其他城市去。从例句中可看出,采用倒装语序的A句结构平衡稳妥,读起来自然流畅,而采用自然语序的B句结构零乱,读起来也别扭。因而,在主语较长时就应采用倒装语序以取得理想的表达效果。2.以表语开头的句子:有时为了把较长的主语放在后面,须将表语和谓语都提到主语前。如:Such would be our home in the future.我们将来的家就是这个样子。3.以副词here,there开头的句子,也采用完全倒装来保持句子平衡。如:Here is the letter you have been looking forward to.你盼望已久的信在这儿。五、使描写生动有时为了使叙述或描绘更加生动形象,增加语言效果,可将表示方向的副词(如:down,up,out,in,off,on,away等)或拟声词(bang,crack等)置于句首,句子采用全部倒装的语序(主语为人称代词的句子除外)。如:Up went the rocket into the air.嗖地一声火箭就飞上天了。Down jumped the criminal from the third floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him.当警察把手枪瞄准那个罪犯时,嘭地一下他就从三楼跳了下去。Boom went the cannon!轰隆一声大炮开火了!Bang came another shot!砰!又是一声枪响!以上句子简洁明快,生动逼真地描述了有关动作,令我们一览此类倒装的风采。但这种倒装句的修辞功能在语段中可以体现得更为清楚。“Stop thief!Stop thief!”There is a magic cry in the sound.The tradesman leaves his counter,...Away they run,pell—mell,helter—skelter,yelling—screaming,...“Stop thief!Stop thief!”The cry is taking by a hundred voices,...Away they fly,splashing through the mud,up go the window,out run the people.(Dickens)作者在第一段和第二段中分别用副词away,up和out位于句首引出四个倒装句Away they run,Away they fly,up go the window,out run the people。从而制造出一种紧张、急促的气氛,生动地刻画了一个紧张、混乱的捉贼场面。倒装是英语中一个重要的修辞手段。倒装句的使用丰富了我们的语言表达,了解并掌握倒装句各种句式的用法,不仅会提高我们对英语语言的欣赏能力,对英语表达能力的提高也将大有裨益。因此,写作中适当用一些倒装句式定会使文章表达更生动、有力。
