初中英语语法一．名词I.名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名.地名.人名，团体.机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II.名词的数：1.规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps,girl-girls,day-days2以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esthief-thieves,knife-knives,wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs,,roof-roofs,4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios,zoo-zoos2.不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,2单复数相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,3只有复数形式trousers,clothes,glasses,4一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police,cattle5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）class,family,group,government,population,team,public,party6表示“某国人”加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,FrenchwomenIII.名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1.’s所有格的用法：１表示时间today’s newspaper,five weeks’holiday2表示自然现象the earth’s atmosphere,the tree’s branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the world’s population,China’s industry4表示工作群体the ship’s crew,majority’s view,the team’s victory3.of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair,the cover of the book有时也用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students二．冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a,an），定冠词（the）。I.不定冠词的用法：1第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.
3表示“每一”相当于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.
4用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr.Smith came to visit you when you were out 5用于固定词组中a bit,once upon a time,in a hurry,have a walk,6用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后This room is rather a big one.
7用于so(as,too,how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.
II.定冠词的用法：1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.
2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe,the moon。
3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door?4用于乐器前面play the violin,play the guitar5表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens,the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.
8用于国家党派名词前the United States,,the French9在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990’s10用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.
三．代词：I.代词可以分为以下七大类：1人称代词主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they宾格me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them2物主代词形容词性my,your,his,her,its,our,their名词性mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs3反身代词myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves4指示代词this,that,these,those,such,some5疑问代词who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever6关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose,as7不定代词one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/a few/a little,other/another,all/both,neither/either四．形容词和副词I.形容词：1.形容词的位置：1)形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：1修饰some,any,every,no和body,thing,one等构成的复合不定代词时nobody absent,everything possible2以-able,-ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后the best book available,the only solution possible3alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等可以后置the only person awake4和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long5成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on withII.副词副词的分类：1时间副词soon,now,early,finally,once,recently5频度副词always,often,frequently,seldom,never2地点副词here,nearby,outside,upwards,above6疑问副词how,where,when,why3方式副词hard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,really7连接副词how,when,where,why,whether,however,meanwhile4程度副词almost,nearly,very,fairly,quite,rather8关系副词when,where,whyIII.形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more和most。1可以修饰比较级的词有：much,many,a lot,even,far,a bit,a little,any,。2.表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型。如：The harder you work,the more progress you will make.3用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.4.表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.5.表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect。五．介词常见介词有in、on、at、since、from、after、to、besides、except等，同学们在日常学习中应留心。六．动词I.动词的时态：1.动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask/asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask进行am/is/are askingwas/were askingshall/will be askingshould/would be asking完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have asked2.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1)现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer.(已经看过，且了解这本书的内容)2)一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）3.一般将来时的表达方式：将来时用法例句1will/shall+动词原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态My sister will be ten next year.
2be going to+动词原形含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，或表示很有可能要发生某事It’s going to clear up.We’re going to have a party tonight.
3be+doing进行时表示将来go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe?4be about to+动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语I was about to leave when the bell rang.5be to+动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见We’re to meet at the school gate at noon.
6一般现在时表示将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来The meeting starts at five o’clock.七．情态动词II.情态动词must,may,might,could,can表示推测：以must为例。must+do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must+be doing推测可能正在进行的事情；must+have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。1.must“肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。He must be a man from America./He must be talking with his friend./He must have already arrived there.2.may和might“也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。He may not be at home./They might have finished their task.3.can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can’t语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。The weather in that city could be cold now..（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生）Can he be in the office now?No,he can’t be there,for I saw him in the library just now.(语气很强，常用于疑问和否定句中)八．非谓语动词I.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：非谓语形式构成特征和作用时态和语态否定式复合结构不定式to do to be doing to have doneto be done to have been done在非谓语前加notfor sb.to do sth.
具有名词，副词和形容词的作用在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语分词现在分词doing having donebeing done having been done具有副词和形容词的作用在句中做定、表、宾补和状语过去分词done动名词doing having donebeing done having been donesb’s doing具有名词的作用在句中做主、宾、定和表语九．定语从句I.定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom,which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人宾语Mr.Smith is the person with whom I am working whose人，物定语The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.
that人，物主语，宾语A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star(that)I want to see very much.
which物主语，宾语The book(which)I gave you was worth$10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.
as人，物主语，宾语He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.
as做宾语一般不省略关系副词when时间时间状语I will never forget the day when we met there.
可用on whichwhere地点地点状语This is the house where I was born.
可用in whichwhy原因原因状语I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.
可用for which十．名词性从句有主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，这里仅探讨宾语从句和同位语从句。种类作用例句宾语从句在复合句中做宾语，相当于名词He asked me which team could win the game.
同位语从句放在名词之后(news,problem,idea,suggestion,advice,thought,hope,fact等)表明其具体内容You have no idea how worried we are.The fact that he lied again greatly surprised us.
十一。状语从句种类连接词注意点时间状语when,whenever,while,as,before,after,until,till,by the time,as soon as,hardly…when,no sooner…than,the moment,the minute,immediately,directly,instantly主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一般现在时；while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的；until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。
地点状语where,wherever原因状语because,as,since,now thatbecause语气最强，since较弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。
条件状语if,unless,once,in case,as long as,on condition that从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常用一般时代替目的状语so that,in order that,for fear thatso that和in order that后常接may,should,could,would等情态动词结果状语so…that,such…that让步状语though,although,even if,even though,as,no matter what,whatever,no matter who,whoever,no matter which,whichever,no matter how,however,no matter when,wheneveras在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；although和though用正常语序，可和yet连用，但不可和but连用十二。倒装句种类倒装条件例句完全倒装here,there,up,down,in,out,off,away等副词开头的句子表示强调Out rushed the children.
表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs.
部分倒装never,hardly,seldom,little,not until,not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首Hardly did I know what had happened.
only和修饰的状语放于句首Only then did he realize the importance of English.
not only…but also连接并列的句子，前倒后不倒Not only does he know French,but also he is expert at it.
as引导的让步状语Child as he is,he has learned a lot.
用于表示祝愿的祈使句中May you be in good health!十三。虚拟语气类别用法例句If引导的条件从句与现在事实相反从句动词：过去式（be用were）主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形If he were here,he would help us.
与过去事实相反从句动词：had+过去分词主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+过去分词If I had been free,I would have visited you.
与将来事实相反从句动词：过去式/should+动词原形/were+不定式主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形If it should rain tomorrow,we would not go camping.
其它状语从句as if引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式They are talking as if they had been friends for years.
in order that/so that引导的状语从句中动词用can/could/may/might/would等+动词原形Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly.
宾语从句demand,suggest,order,insist后接的从句中动词为should+动词原形He suggested that we not change our mind.
wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和should/would+动词原形表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反I wish I could be a pop singer.其它句型中It is time that…句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形It’s high time that we left.
would rather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式。
