《新编简明英语语言学教程》1-6章复习题集(共14页).doc

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《英语语言学概论》课程复习题集(1-6章)2012-5-16更新Chapter I Introduction2012 II.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use,it is said to be d__escriptive_____.(prescriptive/lay down rules)2.Chomsky defines“competence”(语言能力)as the ideal user’s knowledge__________of the rules of his language.3.Langue(语言)refers to the a__bstract________linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions（惯例）and application of the rules.43.D____uality_____is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels:a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.5.Language is a system of a__rbitrary_______vocal symbols used for human communication.6.S ocialinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.7.The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s_yntax_______.8.Human capacity for language has a g enetic___basis,but the details of language have to be taught and learned.9.Performance__(语言能力)__refers to the realization of langue in actual use.10.Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems.The study of such applications is generally known as a__pplied______linguistics.11.Language is p___________in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.In other words,they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard be 12.Linguistics is generally defined as the s cientific____study of language.13.To help define and maintain interpersonal relations is the s ocial function of language.III.There are four choices following each statement.Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.1.The description of a language in a fixed instant(时刻)is a_______study.A.synchronic B.diachronic C.prescriptive D.systematic 2.The application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning is called_____.A.sociolinguistics B.Psycholinguistics C.computational linguistics D.Applied Linguistics 3.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use,it is said to be______________.A.prescriptive B.analytic C.descriptive D.linguistic 4.Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A.Arbitrariness B.Displacement C.Duality D.Meaningfulness 5.Modern linguistics regards the written language as____________.A.primary B.correct C.secondary D.stable 6.In modern linguistics,speech is regarded as more basic than writing,because___________.A.in linguistic evolution,speech is prior to writing B.speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.C.speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue D.All of the above 7.Many modern linguists have criticized traditional grammarians for adopting a_____approach to language study.A.synchronic B.diachronic C.prescriptive D.descriptive 8.A historical study of language is a____study of language.A.synchronic B.diachronic C.prescriptive D.comparative 9.According to F.de Saussure,____refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A.parole B.performance C.langue D.Language 10.Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between_________and meanings.A.sense B.sounds C.objects D.ideas 11.Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate（当前）situations of the speaker.This feature is called_________,A.displacement B.duality C.flexibility D.cultural transmission 12.The distinction between langue and parole was made by_______early last century.A.American linguist N.Chomsky B.Swiss linguist F.de Saussure C.American linguist Edward Sapir D.British linguist J.R.Firth 13.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is.A.arbitrary B.rational C.logical D.cultural 2.What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C.Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?Chapter 2：Phonology II.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:27．Affricate_(破差音)_____refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.28．A_rticulatory_（发音）________phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.29．The four sounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/have one feature in common,i.e,they are all b_ilabial_sounds.30．Of all the speech organs,the t_ongue___is the most flexible,and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.31．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p__lace_____of articulation(发音部位).32．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete,the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly（可听见的）released and the air passing out again is called a s__top______.33．S_uprasegmental_(超音段)_______features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments.They include stress,tone（音调）,intonation（语调）,etc.34．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential(序列)____rules.35．The transcription（标音）of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription（宽式）while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics(变音符)is called narrow____transcription.（严式）36．When pitch,stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation,they are collectively known as intonation_(语调)________.37．P_honology__________is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.38.If you say door,new,two,senior,zoo,you will notice that the first sounds in all these words are a_lveolar(齿龈音)______sounds.The t and s are voiceless,and d,n and z are voiced.Only n is nasal.39．The articulatory apparatus（器官）of a human being are contained in three important cavities:the pharyngeal（咽腔）cavity,the oral(口腔)_______cavity and the nasal cavity.40．T__one（音调）_____are pitch（音调）variations,which are caused by the differing rates of vibration（震动）of the vocal cords（声带）and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes（音位）.41．Depending on the context in which stress is considered,there are two kinds of stress:word stress and s__entence_______stress.III.There are four choices following each of the statements below.Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1.The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is called________phonetics.A.acoustic(声学)B.articulatory C.Auditory（听觉）D.allomorphic 2.The sound/f/is_________________.A.voiced palatal affricate B.voiced alveolar stop C.voiceless velar fricative D.voiceless labiodental fricative（齿音，摩茶）3．Of all the speech organs,the_______is/are the most flexible.A.mouth B.lips C.tongue D.vocal cords 4．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are____sounds.A.voiceless B.voiced C.vowel D.consonantal 5．__________is a voiced alveolar（齿龈）stop.A./z/B./d/C./k/D./b/6．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by“copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme,thus making the two phones____________.A.identical B.same C.exactly alike D.similar 7.Since/p/and/b/are phonetically similar,occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning,they are said to be___________.A.in phonemic contrast（音位对立）B.in complementary distribution（同一音位的不同变体）C.the allophones（音位变体）D.minimal pair（对小对立体）9.A____vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A.back B.central C.front D.middle 10.Palatal（鄂音）semi-vowel refers to the sound.A.[n]B.[h]C.[w]D.[j]11.A phoneme is a group of phonetically similar sounds called.A.minimal pairs B.allomorphs C.phones D.allophones 12.Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called____________.A.phonetic components B.immediate constituents C.suprasegmental features D.semantic features 13.A(n)___________is a unit that is of distinctive value.It is an abstract unit,a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A.phone B.sound C.allophone D.phoneme 14．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the____of that phoneme.A.phones B.sounds C.phonemes D.allophones 15.A____vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A.back B.central C.front D.middle 16.The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced_______,respectively.(C)A.stops B.fricatives C.affricates D.plosives IV.Answer the following question:1.How are the English consonants classified?2.Explain with examples the sequential rule,and the assimilation rule in phonology.Chapter 3：Morphology II.Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:1.Root is the part of the word left when all the affixes(词缀)are removed.2.Morpheme(词素)____is the smallest meaningful unit of language.3.Bound_morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes,either free or bound,to form a word.4.Affixes are of two types:inflectional affixes and d_erivational_________affixes.5.A s______is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.6.C_ompound_________is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.7.The word snowfall is a word formed by joining two separate words,i.e.“snow”and“fall.”This newly formed word is generally regarded as a compound_______.III.There are four choices following each statement.Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1.The morpheme“vision”in the common word“television”is a(n)______.A.bound morpheme B.bound form C.inflectional morpheme D.free morpheme 2.The compound word“bookstore”is the place where books are sold.This indicates that the meaning of a compound__________.A.is the sum total of the meaning of its components B.can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes C.is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D.None of the above.3.“-s”in the word“books”is_______.A.a derivative affix B.a stem C.an inflectional affix D.a root 4.Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A.Rainbow B.Milkshake C.Icy-cold D.Unpleasant 5.The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of__________.A.the first element B.the second element C.either the first or the second elem D.both the first and the second elements.6._______are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes,either free or bound,to form a word.A.Free morphemes B.Bound morphemes C.Bound words D.Words 7._________is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A.Syntax B.Grammar C.Morphology D.Morpheme 8.The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is_______.A.lexical B.morphemic C.grammatical D.semantic 9.Bound morphemes are those that___________.A.have to be used independently B.can not be combined with other morphemes C.can either be free or bound D.have to be combined with other morphemes.10.____modify the meaning of the stem,but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A.Prefixes B.Suffixes(后缀)C.Roots D.Affixes 11._________are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A.Words B.Morphemes C.Phonemes D.Sentences 12.“-s”in the word“books”is_______.A.a derivative affix B.a stem C.an inflectional affix D.a root 13.Which of the following does NOT belong to“open class words”?A.Nouns B.Adjectives C.Conjunctions D.Adverbs 14.In the word unreliable,the prefix“un-”is a(n)_______morpheme.A.free B.bound C.root D.inflectional 15.Morphemes that represent“tense”,“number”,“gender”,“case”,“aspect”,“degree”and so forth are called morphemes.A.inflectional B.bound C.free D.derivational 16.The English word“modernizers”is composed of morphemes.A.four B.three C.two D.five 17.Which of the following affix differs from others?A.–ly B.–ness C.–ing D.–ful V.Think of a morpheme suffix and a morpheme prefix,give their meaning,and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to.Give at least two examples of each.Suffix:Meaning:Stem type:Examples:Prefix:Meaning:Stem type:Examples:Chapter 4：Syntax II.Diagram the constituent structure of the following sentence and name the different constituents.(IC analysis)The passenger train from Chicago will arrive in Atlanta after midnight.Chapter 5 Semantics II.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1.Semantics________can be defined as the study of meaning.2.The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct______link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.3.R_eference____means what a linguistic form refers to in the real,physical world;it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4.Words that are close in meaning are called s_ynonyms_______.5.When two words are identical in sound,but different in spelling and meaning,they are called h_omophones____(同音异型异义)_____.6.Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship（关系）between the two items are called relational_______opposites.(关系反义)7.What is communicated by virtue of what language refers to is the r__________meaning of a word.8.Relational_________opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.9.C omponential(成分分析)____analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.10.Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________restrictions,which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.11.According to the n____theory of meaning,the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.III.There are four choices following each statement.Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1.The naming theory is advanced by________.A.Plato B.Bloomfield C.Geoffrey Leech D.Firth 2.“We shall know a word by the company it keeps.”This statement represents_______.A.the conceptualist view B.contexutalism C.the naming theory D.behaviourism 4.“Can I borrow your bike?”_______“You have a bike.”A.is synonymous with B.is inconsistent with C.entails D.presupposes 5.___________is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components,called semantic features.A.Predication analysis B.Componential analysis C.Phonemic analysis D.Grammatical analysis 6.“alive”and“dead”are______________.A.gradable antonyms B.relational opposites C.complementary antonyms D.none of the above 7._________deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A.Reference B.Concept C.Semantics D.Sense 8.___________refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A.Polysemy B.Synonymy C.Homonymy D.Hyponymy 9.Words that are close in meaning are called______________.A.homonyms B.polysemy C.hyponyms D.synonyms 10.The kind of antonymy between"married"and"single"is one of__________A converse B relational C complementary D gradable 11.According to the componential analysis,the word“girl”and“woman”differ in the feature of_______.A.HUMNAN B.ANIMATE C.MALE D.ADULT 12.The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by_______.A.grammatical rules B.selectional restrictions C.semantic rules D.semantic features 13.The words stationary and stationery are identical in sound,but different in spelling and meaning.They are_______.A.complete homonyms B.homographs C.hyponyms D.homophones 14.In the following pairs of words,are a pair of complementary antonyms.A.old and young B.male and female C.hot and cold D.buy and sell 15.The relationship between“violet”and“tulip”is________.A.co-hyponyms B.superordinate C.hyponyms D.antonyms 16.“Can I borrow your bike?”_______“You have a bike.”A.is synonymous with B.is inconsistent with C.entails D.presupposes IV.Answer the following questions.1.How can words opposite in meaning be classified?To which category does each of the following pairs of antonyms belong?deep/shallow（gradable antonyms）married/single(complementary antonyms)sour/sweet(gradable antonyms)teacher/student(relational opposites)asleep/awake(complementary antonyms)2.What are the major types of synonyms in English?(dialectal synonyms;stylistic synonyms;synonyms in emotive and evaluative meaning;collocational synonyms;semantically different synonyms)3.What might make a grammatically meaningful sentence semantically meaningless?Chapter 6：Pragmatics II.Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:1.P__ragmatics_______is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.2.The notion of context_________is essential to the pragmatic study of language.3.All the speech acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same illocutionary(言外之力)_______point,but they differ in their strength or force.4.If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication,it becomes an u___________.5.The meaning of a sentence is a_bstract______,and decontextualized.6.C_onstatives_______were statements that either state or describe,and were thus verifiable.7.P_erformatives_______were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state,and were not verifiable.8.A locutionary(言内)_________act is the act of uttering words,phrases,clauses.It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax,lexicon and phonology.9.An illocutionary___（言外）_______act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention;it is the act performed in saying something.10.An e_xpressives___(表达类)____is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.11.There are four maxims under the cooperative principle(合作原则):the maxim of quantity_______,the maxim of quality,the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.III.There are four choices following each statement.Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1._________does not study meaning in isolation,but in context.A.Pragmatics B.Semantics C.Sense relation D.Concept 2.The meaning of language was considered as something_______in traditional semantics.A.contextual B.behaviouristic C.Intrinsic（内在的）D.logical 3.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning_________is considered.A.reference B.speech act C.practical usage D.context 4.A sentence is a_________concept,and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A.pragmatic B.grammatical C.mental D.conceptual 5.If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication,it becomes a(n)_________.A.constative B.directive C.utterance D.expressive 8.__________is the act performed by or resulting from saying something;it is the consequence of,or the change brought about by the utterance.A.A locutionary act B.An illocutionary act C.A perlocutionary act（言后行为）D.A performative act 9.According to Searle,the illocutionary point of the representative is______.A.to get the hearer to do something（directives命令）B.to commit the speaker to something’s being the case C.to commit the speaker to some future course of action（commissives承诺）D.to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs.（expressives）10.__________is advanced by Paul Grice A.Cooperative Principle B.Politeness Principle C.The General Principle of Universal Grammar D.Adjacency Principle 11.When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted(嘲笑),_______might arise.A.impoliteness B.contradictions C.mutual understanding D.conversational implicature(含义)12.The illocutionary point of_______is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A.directives B.expressives（feeling attitude）C.commissives D.representatives 13.found that natural language had its own logic and thus concluded the famous Cooperative Principle.A.John Austin B.John Firth C.Paul Grice D.William Jones 14.As far as the sentence“My bag is heavy”is concerned,linguists of pragmatics are more interested in its______meaning.A.literal B.logical C.utterence D.sentence 15.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether,in the study of meaning,_________is considered.A.reference B.speech act C.practical usage D.context IV.Answer the following questions.1.According to Austin,what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance.Give an example.2.What are the four maxims of the CP?Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature?3.What is pragmatic failure?Try to find instances of pragmatic failure in the English used by Chinese learners of English.